Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture, 16S rRNA abundance, and community cellular fatty acid profiles
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BACKGROUND: The normal intestinal microflora plays an important role in host metabolism and provides a natural defence mechanism against invading pathogens. Although the microbiota in adults has been extensively studied, little is known of the changes that occur in the microflora with aging. These may have important consequences in elderly people, many of whom are receiving antibiotic therapy and who are most susceptible to intestinal dysbiosis. AIMS: To characterise the major groups of faecal bacteria in subjects of different ages using a combination of cultural, molecular, and chemotaxonomic approaches. METHODS: Comparative microbiological studies were made on four different subject groups: children (16 months to seven years, n=10), adults (21–34 years, n=7), healthy elderly subjects (67–88 years, n=5), and geriatric patients (68–73 years, n=4) diagnosed with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Selected faecal bacteria were investigated using viable counting procedures, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) abundance measurements, and the occurrence of specific signature fatty acids in whole community fatty acid methyl ester profiles. RESULTS: The principal microbiological difference between adults and children was the occurrence of higher numbers of enterobacteria in the latter group, as determined by viable counts (p<0.05) and 16S rRNA (p<0.01) measurements. Moreover, a greater proportion of children's faecal rRNA was hybridised by the three probes (bifidobacteria, enterobacteria, bacteroides-porphyromonas-prevotella) used in the study, indicating a less developed gut microbiota. Species diversity was also markedly lower in the Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea group, which was characterised by high numbers of facultative anaerobes and low levels of bifidobacteria and bacteroides. Although it was a considerably less sensitive diagnostic tool, cellular fatty acid analysis correlated with viable bacterial counts and 16S rRNA measurements in a number of bacteria, including bacteroides. CONCLUSIONS: Polyphasic analysis of faecal bacteria showed that significant structural changes occur in the microbiota with aging, and this was especially evident with respect to putatively protective bifidobacteria. Reductions in these organisms in the large bowel may be related to increased disease risk in elderly people.
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These differences indicate gradual transition from childhood to adulthood rather than distinct adolescent profile.
“These differences are similar to those reported in other studies of the child microbiota (Hopkins et al., 2001), indicating that there is a gradual transition from childhood to adulthood rather than a distinct adolescent profile, although further work is needed to confirm this result.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Hopkins et al., 2001
Intestinal microbiota differ between children and adults.
“Only studies of adults were included because the intestinal microbiota differ between children and adults.14”
From Systematic review: probiotics in the management of lower gastrointestinal symptoms in clinical practice - an evidence-based international guide (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
Effects of probiotics may be different according to age and health status of the target group.
“Effects, moreover, may be different according to age and health status of the target group.14–15”
From Systematic review: probiotics in the management of lower gastrointestinal symptoms in clinical practice - an evidence-based international guide (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Hopkins, M. J., Sharp, R., & Macfarlane, G. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hopkins, M J
- ORCID
- Hopkins, M J
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2001-02-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 198-205
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- PMC
- PMC1728209
- OpenAlex
- W2104037158
- Cited by
- 577
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, aging, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, fecal bacteria, chemotaxonomy, species diversity, older adults, children, polyphasic analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Bacteroidaceae, Bifidobacterium, Child, Child, Preschool, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous, Fatty Acids, Feces, Humans, Infant, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Colony Count, Microbial, Cell Culture Techniques
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