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Cited by 209Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Investigation of mechanisms linking depressed mood to nicotine dependence

Open access
Lerman, Caryn, Audrain, Janet, Orleans, C.Tracy, Boyd, Richard, Gold, Karen, Main, David, Caporaso, Neil·1996·Addictive Behaviors
DOI 10.1016/0306-4603(95)00032-1
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Abstract

The present study examined the cognitive-behavioral linkages between depressed mood and level of nicotine dependence in smokers seeking smoking cessation treatment. Prior to treatment, 202 subjects completed validated self-report measures of smoking history, depressive symptomatology, "self medication" processes, "learned helplessness" processes, and nicotine dependence. Results revealed that 48% of the study population scored in the "depressed" range on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CESD) depression scale. Further, these smokers reported significantly higher levels of nicotine dependence than other nondepressed smokers. Depressed and nondepressed smokers did not differ with respect to several cognitions related to learned helplessness theory. However, depressed smokers were more likely to report "self medication" processes (i.e., negative affect reduction smoking and stimulation smoking). In addition, multivariable regression and path analyses suggested that negative affect reduction smoking and stimulation smoking are sequential mediators of the depression-nicotine dependence relationship. These results underscore the need to screen for depressive symptomatology among smokers seeking treatment, and to develop cessation treatments that are tailored to the needs of depressed smokers.

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  • This pattern of behaviour occurs in smokers with and without diagnosed mental disorders.

    “This pattern of behaviour occurs in smokers with and without diagnosed mental disorders.”

    From Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [9]

    The comparison of depressed and nondepressed smokers on self-medication variables reports negative-affect and stimulation smoking in both groups, with higher scores among those with depressed mood. But the study classified participants by CES-D depressive symptoms, not by diagnosed mental disorders, so it does not establish the claim for smokers with and without such diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Regular smokers report smoking cigarettes to alleviate emotional problems and feelings of depression and anxiety, to stabilise mood, and for relaxation as well as relieving stress.

    “Both quantitative and qualitative analyses indicate that regular smokers report smoking cigarettes to alleviate emotional problems and feelings of depression and anxiety, to stabilise mood, and for relaxation as well as relieving stress.”

    From Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [9]

    The ‘Self-medication’ measures section (page unavailable) asks smokers whether they smoke when feeling blue or to take their minds off worries. The comparison of depressed and non-depressed smokers (page unavailable) reports higher negative-affect-reduction scores among depressed smokers. The study used quantitative self-reports from smokers seeking cessation treatment; it does not establish qualitative findings or separately document smoking for anxiety, mood stabilisation, relaxation, and stress relief among regular smokers generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Depression symptoms are common among smokers and motivate smoking to reduce negative affect.

    “Depression symptoms are common among smokers and motivate smoking to reduce negative affect (44).”

    From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [44]

  • The association between late chronotype and current smoking could be at least partially explained by affective and emotional traits common to both smokers and late chronotypes.

    “The association between late chronotype and current smoking could be at least partially explained by evidence showing that several affective and emotional traits are common to both smokers and late chronotypes.”

    From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [60]

  • A majority of smokers enrolled in smoking cessation programs have a history of depressive episodes.

    “a majority of smokers enrolled in smoking cessation programs have a history of depressive episodes (Dalack, Glassman, Rivelli, Covey, & Stetner, 1995; Glassman et al., 1988; Lerman et al., 1996)”

    From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Lerman et al., 1996

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Authors
Lerman, C., Audrain, J., Orleans, C. T., Boyd, R., Gold, K., Main, D., & Caporaso, N.
Affiliations
  • Georgetown University Medical Center (US)
  • Fox Chase Cancer Center (US)
  • National Cancer Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Lerman, Caryn
ORCID
Caporaso, Neil
Venue
Addictive Behaviors
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1996-01
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
9-19
ISSN
0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0306-4603(95)00032-1
OpenAlex
W1982134209
Cited by
209
References
46
Citations by year
2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
FWCI
4.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA63562, R01CA063562)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
depressive mood, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, self-medication, learned helplessness, depressive symptoms, mediators
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Depressive Disorder, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation

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