A systematic review of economic analyses of telehealth services using real time video communication
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Telehealth is the delivery of health care at a distance, using information and communication technology. The major rationales for its introduction have been to decrease costs, improve efficiency and increase access in health care delivery. This systematic review assesses the economic value of one type of telehealth delivery--synchronous or real time video communication--rather than examining a heterogeneous range of delivery modes as has been the case with previous reviews in this area. METHODS: A systematic search was undertaken for economic analyses of the clinical use of telehealth, ending in June 2009. Studies with patient outcome data and a non-telehealth comparator were included. Cost analyses, non-comparative studies and those where patient satisfaction was the only health outcome were excluded. RESULTS: 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. 22(61%) of the studies found telehealth to be less costly than the non-telehealth alternative, 11(31%) found greater costs and 3 (9%) gave the same or mixed results. 23 of the studies took the perspective of the health services, 12 were societal, and one was from the patient perspective. In three studies of telehealth to rural areas, the health services paid more for telehealth, but due to savings in patient travel, the societal perspective demonstrated cost savings. In regard to health outcomes, 12 (33%) of studies found improved health outcomes, 21 (58%) found outcomes were not significantly different, 2(6%) found that telehealth was less effective, and 1 (3%) found outcomes differed according to patient group. The organisational model of care was more important in determining the value of the service than the clinical discipline, the type of technology, or the date of the study. CONCLUSION: Delivery of health services by real time video communication was cost-effective for home care and access to on-call hospital specialists, showed mixed results for rural service delivery, and was not cost-effective for local delivery of services between hospitals and primary care.
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Economic analyses have shown that the cost effectiveness of synchronous telemedicine varies widely according to the delivery setting.
“Economic analyses have shown that cost effectiveness of synchronous telemedicine vary widely according to the delivery setting [8].”
From Recent directions in telemedicine: Review of trends in research and practice (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
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Chiou, C., Hay, J. W., Wallace, J. F., Bloom, B. S., Neumann, P. J., Sullivan, S. D., Yu, H.-T., Keeler, E. B., Henning, J. M., & Ofman, J. J. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200301000-00007 · Cited by 308 · cited 2× · see citing works
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“Although two of these studies[45,48] reported that they used both urban and rural settings, the distances concerned were of the order of 10 to 20 kms, so they have been classified as local care.”
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ResultLimitations of Patient Satisfaction Studies in Telehealthcare: A Systematic Review of the Literature
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ResultCost Comparison Between Telemonitoring and Usual Care of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
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BackgroundA comparison of real‐time and store‐and‐forward teledermatology: a cost–benefit study
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Martínez, A., Everss, E., Rojo-Álvarez, J. L., Figal, D. P., & García-Alberola, A. (2006) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763306777889109 · Cited by 133 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Rojas, S. V., & Gagnon, M. (2008) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2008.0009 · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundA review of telemedicine cost-effectiveness studies
Mair, F. S., Haycox, A. R., May, C. R., & Finch, T. L. (2000) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633001934096 · Cited by 94 · cited 2× · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodDeMaio, J. D., Schwartz, L., Cooley, P., & Tice, A. D. (2001) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/324506 · Cited by 90 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Three of the studies in this group had low quality ratings, of 25 or less, for their economic analysis; two were small scale feasibility projects[42,43]), and the third included an economic analysis as part of a larger study[44].”
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“Oakley 2000 [74] Rural outpatient Dermatology RCT CCA 15 Computer, ISDN Patient Less Same”
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“Crow SJ, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Wonderlich S, Lancanster K: The cost effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa delivered via telemedicine versus face-to-face.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTelemedicine Taxonomy: A Classification Tool
Tulu, B., Chatterjee, S., & Maheshwari, M. (2007) · Telemedicine and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2006.0055 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Results of a meta-analysis of cost–benefit research: Is this a question worth asking?
Whitten, P. S., Kingsley, C., & Grigsby, J. (2000) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633001934177 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Three reviews published in 2000 covered the early economic analyses of telehealth[7-9], and each reported that the studies were methodologically flawed; lacking appropriate outcome measures, consistency and clarity.”
BackgroundWhat do we really know about the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine?
Håkansson, S., & Gavelin, C. (2000) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633001934438 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Three reviews published in 2000 covered the early economic analyses of telehealth[ 7-9 ], and each reported that the studies were methodologically flawed; lacking appropriate outcome measures, consistency and clarity.”
BackgroundThe value proposition in the widespread use of telehealth
Cusack, C. M., Pan, E., Hook, J. M., Vincent, A., Kaelber, D. C., & Blackford Middleton, A. (2008) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/jtt.2007.007043 · Cited by 71 · cited 3× · see citing works
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InfluentialTraditional Versus Telenursing Outpatient Management of Patients With Cancer With New Ostomies
Bohnenkamp, S. K., McDonald, P. K., López, A. M., Krupinski, E. A., & Blackett, A. (2004) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/04.onf.1005-1010 · Cited by 66 · cited 3× · see citing works
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BackgroundAn Economic Evaluation of the Highlands and Islands Teledentistry Project
Scuffham, P., & Steed, M. (2002) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x0200800307 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This approach resulted in the exclusion of some wellconducted cost analyses[65-68].”
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BackgroundInfluentialIntensive Care Unit Telemedicine: Review and Consensus Recommendations
Cummings, J., Krsek, C. A., Vermoch, K., & Matuszewski, K. A. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/1062860607302777 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
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MethodAn economic analysis of teleconsultation in otorhinolaryngology
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“For example it has been noted[71] that a visiting paediatric cardiology service was less than monthly, whereas a teleconsultation could be arranged within two days, and that telehealth reduced the time for an ENT consultation from four months to four to six weeks[52].”
BackgroundInfluentialKunkler, I. H., Prescott, R. J., Lee, R. J., Brebner, J., Cairns, J., Fielding, R., Bowman, A., Neades, G., Walls, A. D. F., Chetty, U., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.026 · Cited by 57 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Kunkler[60] reported that halving the technology cost would reduce their breakeven point from 40 to 20 multidisciplinary meetings per year, although Noble[61] and Ohinmaa[33] found that reducing the annual equipment cost had no impact on the overall cost outcomes.”
BackgroundNational Use of Thrombolysis with Alteplase for Acute Ischaemic Stroke via Telemedicine in Denmark
Ehlers, L. H., Müskens, W. M., Jensen, L. G., Kjølby, M., & Andersen, G. (2008) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200822010-00006 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ehlers 2008 [76] Rural inpatient Neurology EcModel CUA 65 Computer, Not specified Societal Less (HS more) More Wade et al.”
BackgroundAn incremental cost analysis of telehealth in Nova Scotia from a societal perspective
Persaud, D. D., Jreige, S., Skedgel, C., Finley, J., Sargeant, J., & Hanlon, N. (2005) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633053499877 · Cited by 49 · cited 6× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialTelemedicine in the management of chronic pain: a cost analysis study
Pronovost, A., Peng, P., & Kern, R. Z. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-009-9123-9 · Cited by 46 · cited 7× · see citing works
“The studies in this review do not reflect the recent advances in connectivity produced by widespread rollout of fast broadband or Digital Services Lines (DSL) with only one recent study utilising DSL[31].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychiatric inpatient care planning via telemedicine
Mielonen, M.-L., Ohinmaa, A. E., Moring, J., & Isohanni, M. K. (2000) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633001935248 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Meilonen[63] commented that differences in telecommunications costs made telehealth cost-saving in some countries and uneconomical in others, and Shore[29] found that telehealth changed from being more costly in 2003 to less costly in 2005, due to reductions in ISDN line charges.”
BackgroundThe Comparative Impact of Video Consultation on Emergency Neurosurgical Referrals
Wong, H. H., Poon, W. S., Jacobs, P., Goh, K. Y. C., Leung, C. H. S., Lau, F. L., Kwok, S. P., Ng, S. C. P., & Chow, L. (2006) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000228926.13395.f9 · Cited by 45 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Wong HT, Poon WS, Jacobs P, Goh KY, Leung CH, Lau FL, Kwok S, Ng S, Chow L: The comparative impact of video consultation on emergency neurosurgical referrals.”
BackgroundInfluentialChan, H. H. L., Woo, J., Chan, W. M., & Hjelm, M. (2000) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00034.x · Cited by 39 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Chan 2000 [58] Residential care Dermatology DiagAcc CCA 32 VC, ISDN Health service Less Less(3)”
BackgroundInfluentialDowie, R., Mistry, H., Young, T. A., Weatherburn, G. C., Gardiner, H. M., Rigby, M. L., Rowlinson, G., & Franklin, R. C. G. (2007) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462307051653 · Cited by 35 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example it has been noted[71] that a visiting paediatric cardiology service was less than monthly, whereas a teleconsultation could be arranged within two days, and that telehealth reduced the time for an ENT consultation from four months to four to six weeks[52].”
BackgroundA cost-effectiveness analysis of interactive paediatric telecardiology
Sicotte, C., Lehoux, P., van Doesburg, N. H., Cardinal, G., & Leblanc, Y. (2004) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763304773391503 · Cited by 33 · cited 4× · see citing works
“[ 56 ] Rural inpatient Paediatric Cardiol DiagAcc CEA 63 VC, ISDN Health service More More”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Comparative Cost Analysis of an Integrated Military Telemental Health-Care Service
Grady, B. J. (2002) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/15305620260353180 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This approach resulted in the exclusion of some wellconducted cost analyses[65-68].”
BackgroundBrebner, J. A., Brebner, E. M., & Ruddick-Bracken, H. (2006) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763306777978542 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Brebner[18] reviewed telehealth provision of accident and emergency support to primary care, and found seven studies with economic data, all indicating cost-effectiveness, however he concluded that the case was far from proven.”
BackgroundCost Implications of Outpatient Teleneurology
Chua, R., Craig, J. J., Wootton, R., & Patterson, V. (2001) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x010070s126 · Cited by 24 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Both of the latter studies were of outpatient services to rural areas; one found that more investigations were ordered in a telehealth neurology clinic[ 36 ], and the other delivered treatment of bulimia nervosa by videoconferencing, which was clinically effective, but less so than in-person treatment[35].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBishai, D. M., Ferris, D. G., & Litaker, M. S. (2003) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x03260136 · Cited by 21 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This has been reported for primary care management of ENT problems[52], colposcopy [62], and skin conditions[59].”
BackgroundInfluentialFeasibility of In-Home Telehealth for Conducting Nursing Research
Smith, C. E., Jennifer, J., Kleinbeck, S. V. M., Clements, F., Cook, D. J., & Koehler, J. A. (2002) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/105477380201100209 · Cited by 21 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Smith 2002 [42] Home care Nursing(CPAP) DiagAcc CMA 25 Custom, PSTN Health service Less Same”
BackgroundAn Estimation of Costs of a Pediatric Telemedicine Practice in Public Schools
Doolittle, G. C., Williams, A. R., & Cook, D. J. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200301000-00012 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This approach resulted in the exclusion of some wellconducted cost analyses[65-68].”
BackgroundTelemedicine: an historical perspective
Higgins, C., Dunn, E. V., & Conrath, D. W. (1984) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/0308-5961(84)90044-2 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Telehealth became a separate field of study from the 1970’s[1], and innovation increased from the 1990’s, due to the development of new technologies such as cellular phones and the internet[2].”
BackgroundEffect size and experimental power analysis in a paediatric cardiology telemedicine system
Rendina, M. C., Long, W. A., & Debliek, R. (1997) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633971930382 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Rendina 1997 [75] Rural inpatient Paediatric Cardiol B&A CBA 56 VC, T1 line Health service Less Same”
BackgroundOhinmaa, A. E., Vuolio, S., Haukipuro, K. A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763302760314252 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A cost–consequences analysis of minor injuries telemedicine
Noble, S., Coast, J., & Benger, J. R. (2005) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633053430421 · Cited by 14 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Noble SM, Coast J, Benger JR: A cost-consequences analysis of minor injuries telemedicine.”
BackgroundAn economic evaluation of the Highlands and Islands teledentistry project
Scuffham, P., & Steed, M. (2002) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/135763302320118915 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cost implications of outpatient teleneurology
Chua, R., Craig, J. S., Wootton, R., et al. (2001) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633011936769 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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- Drummond M O'Brien B Stoddard G Torrance G Methods for the economic evaluation of healthcare programmes 1997 2 Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Telemedicine: Pediatric Applications
Burke, B. L., Hall, R. W., CARE, T. S. O. T., Dehnel, P. J., Alexander, J. J., Bell, D. M., Bunik, M. E., Burke, B. L., & Kile, J. R. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1517 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Orlando, J. F., Beard, M., & Kumar, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221848 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
E-Mental Health: A Rapid Review of the Literature
Lal, S., & Adair, C. E. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300009 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Amante, D. J., Hogan, T. P., Pagoto, S., English, T. M., & Lapane, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4126 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“In addition to increased efficiency and accessibility, a recently published review examined the economic value of clinical telehealth and found that the delivery of home care health services by Web-based video consultations was also cost-effective [33].”
BackgroundVirtual online consultations: advantages and limitations (VOCAL) study
Greenhalgh, T., Vijayaraghavan, S., Wherton, J. P., Shaw, S. E., Byrne, E., Campbell-Richards, D., Bhattacharya, S., Hanson, P., Ramoutar, S., Gutteridge, C., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009388 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“▸ Combinations of the above—for example, a systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of ‘telehealth’ that included both home-based and telemedicine services, which showed that both the efficacy and costs of such services varied considerably across studies.(90) The contribution of these technologies to healthcare has…”
BackgroundeHealth as the Next-Generation Perinatal Care: An Overview of the Literature
van den Heuvel, J. F. M., Groenhof, T. K. J., Veerbeek, J. H. W., van Solinge, W. W., Lely, A. T., Franx, A., & Bekker, M. N. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9262 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
“Increased knowledge on pregnancy complications has also shown to reduce maternal anxiety and costly hospital visits [15,16].”
Usefulness of telepsychiatry: A critical evaluation of videoconferencing-based approaches
Chakrabarti, S. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.286 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Disparities in Sleep Health and Potential Intervention Models
Billings, M., Cohen, R., Baldwin, C., Johnson, D. A., Palen, B., Parthasarathy, S., Patel, S. R., Russell, M., Tapia, I., Williamson, A. A., et al. (2020) · Chest · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.249 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“Direct patient care through telemedicine has been found to be more cost effective than traditional consultation, which can offset some of the technology costs for patients with poor economic status or in rural locations.(51) In addition”
Imlach, F., McKinlay, E. M., Middleton, L., Kennedy, J., Pledger, M. J., Russell, L., Churchward, M., Cumming, J., & McBride‐Henry, K. (2020) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-020-01336-1 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Mistry, H. (2012) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/jtt.2011.110505 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Koivunen, M. H., & Saranto, K. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12445 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
VA Telemedicine: An Analysis of Cost and Time Savings
Russo, J. E., McCool, R. R., & Davies, L. (2015) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2015.0055 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Recent directions in telemedicine: Review of trends in research and practice
Wilson, L. S., & Maeder, A. J. (2015) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2015.21.4.213 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“telemedicine vary widely according to the delivery setting [8].”
BackgroundLiddy, C., Drosinis, P., & Keely, E. (2016) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw024 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“The studies of real-time telehealth services have not demonstrated cost-effectiveness (56); therefore, it is critical to include an economic analysis in all eConsult studies.”
BackgroundHow to measure costs and benefits of ehealth interventions: An overview of methods and frameworks
Bergmo, T. S. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4521 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Numerous systematic reviews have described the evidence base as inconsistent and have called for more research [4,12,16-19].”
Greenberg, A. J., Haney, D., Blake, K. D., Moser, R. P., & Hesse, B. W. (2017) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12228 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Effectiveness and Acceptability of Medical Abortion Provided Through Telemedicine
Grossman, D., Grindlay, K., Buchacker, T., Lane, K., & Blanchard, K. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e318224d110 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“65 18–25 137 (61) 130 (58) 26–35 71 (32) 77 (34) 36–45 15 (7) 19 (8) Median 23 24 Mean 24.”
Shaw, S. E., Wherton, J. P., Vijayaraghavan, S., Morris, J. H., Bhattacharya, S., Hanson, P., Campbell-Richards, D., Ramoutar, S., Collard, A., Hodkinson, I., et al. (2018) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr06210 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Telegenetics: a systematic review of telemedicine in genetics services.
Hilgart, J., Hayward, J. A., Coles, B., & Iredale, R. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Brown, B. B., Patel, C., McInnes, E., Mays, N., Young, J. M., & Haines, M. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1615-z · Cited by 127 · see citing works
AlDossary, S. A., Martin‐Khan, M., Bradford, N., & Smith, A. C. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.10.012 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Werneke, M. W., Deutscher, D., Grigsby, D., Tucker, C. A., Mioduski, J. E., & Hayes, D. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab110 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ishani, A., Christopher, J., Palmer, D., Otterness, S., Clothier, B. A., Nugent, S. M., Nelson, D. B., Rosenberg, M. E., Atwood, M. A., Bangerter, A. K., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Veterans Affairs Telemedicine: Bringing Urologic Care to Remote Clinics
Chu, S. D., Boxer, R. J., Madison, P., Kleinman, L., Skolarus, T. A., Altman, L., Bennett, C. J., & Shelton, J. B. (2015) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2015.04.038 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Lau, Y., Htun, T. P., Tam, W., & Klainin‐Yobas, P. (2015) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12202 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Telemedicine Pre-anesthesia Evaluation: A Randomized Pilot Trial
Applegate, R. L., Gildea, B., Patchin, R., Rook, J. L., Wolford, B., Nyirady, J., Dawes, T.-A., Faltys, J., Ramsingh, D. S., & Stier, G. R. (2013) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2012.0132 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Telemedicine facilitates the exchange of medical information to improve patients’ health status 15 and may include two-way video communication, controllable examination cameras, and electronic stethoscopes.”
A 3-Item Measure of Digital Health Care Literacy: Development and Validation Study
Nelson, L. A., Pennings, J. S., Sommer, E. C., Popescu, F., & Barkin, S. L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/36043 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Moreover, it may be more cost-effective than other approaches and patients who use it are generally satisfied with the experience [6,7].”
BackgroundCaffery, L. J., Bradford, N. K., Wickramasinghe, S. I., Hayman, N., & Smith, A. C. (2017) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12600 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Clyne, B., Bradley, M. C., Hughes, C. M., Fahey, T. P., & Lapane, K. L. (2012) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.009 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“It was previously known as telemedicine, and these terms continue to be used interchangeably in the literature.(37) Most European countries report use of telehealth technology; however, this tends to be on a small and experimental level.”
BackgroundPalozzi, G., Schettini, I., & Chirico, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083318 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“[58] Australia The economic evaluation of synchronous or real-time video communication in telehealth delivery.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGrindlay, K., Lane, K., & Grossman, D. (2013) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2012.12.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Anywhere to Anywhere: Use of Telehealth to Increase Health Care Access for Older, Rural Veterans
Lum, H. D., Nearing, K. A. J., Pimentel, C. B., Levy, C. R., & Hung, W. W. (2019) · Public Policy & Aging Report · doi:10.1093/ppar/prz030 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Web-based videoconferencing for rural palliative care consultation with elderly patients at home
Paul, L. R., Salmon, C., Sinnarajah, A., & Spice, R. (2019) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-018-4580-8 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“These savings could enable consultants to see more patients in a day, improving patient access and health system efficiency, an observation mirrored by others [30, 34].”
BackgroundResultTelemedicine ‐ is the cart being put before the horse?
Armfield, N. R., Edirippulige, S., Bradford, N., & Smith, A. C. (2014) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja13.11101 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Cottrell, M. A., Hill, A. J., O’Leary, S. P., Raymer, M. E., & Russell, T. G. (2017) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2017.07.008 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Liddy, C., Drosinis, P., Deri Armstrong, C., McKellips, F., Afkham, A., & Keely, E. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010920 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Few telemedicine services have been found to generate cost savings compared with traditional referrals, with the majority of studies finding that greater costs were incurred due largely to the substantial technological investments and infrastructure required to support these systems.(21) Among asynchronous systems, th…”
BackgroundGrossman, D., Grindlay, K., Buchacker, T., Potter, J. E., & Schmertmann, C. P. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301097 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Khodadad-Saryazdi, A. (2021) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102273 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Harnessing telemedicine for the provision of health care: bibliometric and Scientometric analysis
Waqas, A., Teoh, S. H., Lapão, L. V., Messina, L. A., & Correia, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18835 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Wade et al [26] presented a systematic review regarding economic analysis of telemedicine and concluded that the delivery of health services by real-time video communication was cost-effective for home care and access to on-call hospital specialists.”
BackgroundInfluentialRasekaba, T., Pereira, P., Vinaya Rani, G., Johnson, R., McKechnie, R., & Blackberry, I. (2022) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics7020028 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Preventive Cardiology and Lifestyle Medicine
Franklin, B. A., & Cushman, M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.981613 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Laver, K., Liu, E., Clemson, L. M., Davies, O., Gray, L., Gitlin, L. N., & Crotty, M. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.02.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Telemedicine, Cost Effectiveness, and Patients Satisfaction: A Systematic Review
School of Health Sciences Mamba'ul 'Ulum, S., Atmojo, J. T., Sudaryanto, W. T., Study Program in Physiotherapy, U. M. S., Widiyanto, A., School of Health Sciences Mamba'ul 'Ulum, S., Ernawati, E., Vocational High School Empat Lima, S., Arradini, D., & School of Health Sciences Mitra Husada, K. (2020) · Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.26911/thejhpm.2020.05.02.02 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cottrell, M. A., Hill, A. J., O’Leary, S. P., Raymer, M. E., & Russell, T. G. (2018) · International Journal of Telerehabilitation · doi:10.5195/ijt.2018.6249 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kludacz-Alessandri, M., Hawrysz, L., Korneta, P., Gierszewska, G., Pomaranik, W., & Walczak, R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254960 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A systematic review of the evidence for telemedicine in burn care: With a UK perspective
Wallace, D. L., Hussain, A., Khan, N., & Wilson, Y. T. (2012) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.024 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“These societal benefits are found throughout telemedicine applications [129,160], though we have found no data on any effect on the whether the failure to attend for burn injury follow up rate is affected.”
BackgroundTelemedicine Video Visits for patients receiving palliative care: A qualitative study
Tasneem, S., Kim, A., Bagheri, A., & Lebret, J. (2019) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909119846843 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Seifert, A., Batsis, J. A., & Smith, A. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.601595 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lawal, O., & Anyiam, F. E. (2019) · Geo-spatial Information Science · doi:10.1080/10095020.2019.1645508 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…and the government should begin to explore investing in low cost, easy to use, and innovative delivery technologies for Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure in the adoption of telehealth which is been practiced in some countries (Wade et al. 2010; Steventon et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBrunton, C., Arensberg, M. B., Drawert, S., Badaracco, C., Everett, W., & McCauley, S. M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020235 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“It is well documented that the use of telehealth can also improve clinical outcomes, reduce costs [25,37,38], satisfy patients with their nutrition care, and leave individuals with positive perceptions/attitudes [39,40].”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of the Economic Evaluation of Telemedicine in Japan.
Akiyama, M., & Yoo, B.-K. (2016) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.16.043 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“184 However, previous systematic reviews on the economic evaluation of telemedicine, based on study populations in the US, the UK, and Australia, show there is no conclusive evidence that telemedicine interventions are cost-saving or costeffective compared to conventional health care [11-14].”
BackgroundEconomic evaluation and costs of telepsychiatry programmes: A systematic review
Naslund, J. A., Mitchell, L. M., Joshi, U., Nagda, D., & Lu, C. (2022) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x20938919 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Researchers have demonstrated that video-based telepsychiatry can produce similar clinical outcomes to face-to-face care,(16) while telepsychiatry can lower the stigma associated with visiting mental health clinics and increase access to services.(18,19) Patient and clinician satisfaction with telepsychiatry is also g…”
BackgroundMethodTelemedicine: A Cost-Reducing Means of Delivering Psychotherapy to Rural Combat Veterans with PTSD
Morland, L. A., Raab, M. L., Mackintosh, M., Rosen, C. S., Dismuke, C. E., Greene, C. J., & Frueh, B. C. (2013) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2012.0298 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Real-Time Telehealth for COPD Self-Management Using Skype™
Nield, M., & Hoo, G. W. S. (2012) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.3109/15412555.2012.708067 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“At the societal level, telehealth can positively impact healthcare utilization (6,7) and improve healthcare access and effi ciency.”
BackgroundMistry, H., Garnvwa, H., & Oppong, R. (2014) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0259 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Hailey et al. 16 and Wade et al. 20 did not clarify in their reviews what type of costs were included in each of the articles; the majority of studies that were included in each of the reviews had measured direct medical costs, whereas some of the reviews also included direct nonmedical and…”
InfluentialUser Satisfaction With Telehealth
Becevic, M., Boren, S. A., Mutrux, R., Shah, Z., & Banerjee, S. (2015) · The Health Care Manager · doi:10.1097/hcm.0000000000000081 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Simmich, J., Ross, M. H., & Russell, T. G. (2024) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2024.06.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Virtual Visits in Home Health Care for Older Adults
Husebø, A. M. L., & Storm, M. (2014) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2014/689873 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“It is also suggested that video communication could be cost-effective in home care, especially when utilizing low-cost equipment such as the patient’s television or small video units [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialRojas, G., Martínez, V., Martínez, P., Franco, P., & Jiménez-Molina, Á. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00391 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“cost-saving potential, cost-effectiveness evaluations are also of crucial importance to the field (37).”
BackgroundA telehealth approach to conducting clinical swallowing evaluations in children with cerebral palsy
Kantarcigil, Ç., Sheppard, J. J., Gordon, A. M., Friel, K. M., & Malandraki, G. A. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.04.008 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cost Analysis of a Digital Health Care Model in Sweden
Ekman, B. (2017) · PharmacoEconomics - Open · doi:10.1007/s41669-017-0059-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The total spending on primary care was around SEK28 billion (US$9 billion) in 2015 [14].”
BackgroundTeleaudiology Services for Rehabilitation With Hearing Aids in Adults: A Systematic Review
Tao, K. F. M., Brennan‐Jones, C. G., Capobianco, D. M., Jayakody, D. M. P., Friedland, P. L., Swanepoel, D. W., & Eikelboom, R. H. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-16-0397 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Telemedicine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Ambrosino, N., Vagheggini, G., Mazzoleni, S., & Vitacca, M. (2016) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.014616 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“A systematic review assessed the economic value of synchronous or real-time video communication, and concluded that these tools were cost-effective for local delivery of services between hospitals and primary care [36].”
BackgroundBenefits and limitations of telegenetics: A literature review
Gorrie, A., Gold, J., Cameron, C. A., Krause, M., & Kincaid, H. (2021) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1418 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Darkins, A. W. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139629317.029 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Digital Literacy 5.0 to Enhance Multicultural Education
Anurogo, D., Ramba, H. L., Putri, N. D., & Putri, U. M. P. (2023) · Multicultural Islamic Education Review · doi:10.23917/mier.v1i2.3414 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Byaruhanga, J., Atorkey, P., McLaughlin, M. J., Brown, A., Byrnes, E., Paul, C. L., Wiggers, J. H., & Tzelepis, F. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18621 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Real-time video technology allows a real-time, virtual face-to-face interaction between the provider and the user [12] at any time of the day in any location with internet access [13].”
BackgroundOtten, E., Birnie, E., Ranchor, A. V., & van Langen, I. M. (2016) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.283 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Giacalone, A., Marin, L., Febbi, M., Franchi, T., & Tovani‐Palone, M. R. (2022) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i8.2363 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
What drives E-Health usage? Integrated institutional forces and top management perspectives
Hsia, T.-L., Chiang, A., Wu, J., Teng, N. N. H., & Rubin, A. D. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adams, L., Lester, S., Hoon, E., van der Haak, H., Proudman, C., Hall, C., Whittle, S., Proudman, S., & Hill, C. L. (2021) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.15205 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Quantifying the Societal Benefits From Telehealth: Productivity and Reduced Travel
Snoswell, C. L., Smith, A. C., Page, M. J., Scuffham, P., & Caffery, L. J. (2021) · Value in Health Regional Issues · doi:10.1016/j.vhri.2021.07.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Outpatient services and primary care: scoping review, substudies and international comparisons
Winpenny, E. M., Miani, C., Pitchforth, E., Ball, S. L., Nolte, E., King, S., Greenhalgh, J., & Roland, M. O. (2016) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr04150 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Multichannel Delivery in Healthcare: The Impact of Telemedicine Centers in Southern India
Delana, K., Deo, S., Ramdas, K., Subburaman, G.-B. B., & Ravilla, T. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.4488 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The role of tele-medicine in patients with respiratory diseases
Ambrosino, N., & Fracchia, C. (2017) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2017.1383898 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“services between hospitals and primary care [84].”
Video-based telehealth in Australian primary health care: current use and future potential
Raven, M. K., Butler, C., & Bywood, P. T. (2013) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py13032 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The findings and interpretation of the Virtual Outreach Project (Wallace et al. 2004) are more objective than those of Kalucy et al. (2000) and Fielke (2005) regarding the RRMHS, but the fact that the study was conducted in the UK limits its generalisability to Australia somewhat.”
BackgroundEmergent Challenges in Determining Costs for Economic Evaluations
Jacobs, J., & Barnett, P. G. (2016) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-016-0465-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“[60] found that whenever the patient perspective was included, telehealth was found to be cost saving, whereas when the payer perspective alone was considered, the proportion reporting cost savings reduced to half.”
BackgroundJacobs, J., Hu, J., Slightam, C. A., Gregory, A., & Zulman, D. M. (2019) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0179 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Clay‐Williams, R., Baysari, M. T., Taylor, N. J., Zalitis, D., Georgiou, A., Robinson, M., Braithwaite, J., & Westbrook, J. I. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2514-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Enabling eHealth as a Pathway for Patient Engagement: a Toolkit for Medical Practice
Graffigna, G., Barello, S., Triberti, S., Wiederhold, B. K., Bosio, A. C., & Riva, G. (2014) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-401-5-13 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wu, J., Kao, H.-Y., & Sambamurthy, V. (2016) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.09.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Synchronous Home-Based Telemedicine for Primary Care: A Review
Lindenfeld, Z., Berry, C. A., Albert, S. L., Massar, R., Shelley, D., Kwok, L., Fennelly, K. M., & Chang, J. E. (2022) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/10775587221093043 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…or clinic to connect with a provider, rather than home-based telemedicine, which refers to patients receiving care while located in their own homes (Chuchu et al., 2018; Flodgren et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2015; Laver et al., 2020; Rush et al., 2018; Swalwell et al., 2018; Wade et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe impacts of and outcomes from telehealth delivered in prisons: A systematic review
Tian, E. J., Venugopalan, S., Kumar, S., & Beard, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251840 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Whereas when telehealth was assessed from the patient perspective, cost savings were commonly identified as a result of savings in patient travel costs [20, 62].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJiang, B., Bills, M., & Poon, P. (2020) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x20966466 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cost analysis of telerehabilitation after arthroscopic subacromial decompression
Pastora‐Bernal, J., Martín‐Valero, R., & Barón-López, F. J. (2017) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x17723367 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Economic analysis is of central importance to telerehabilitation (TR) because the main rationales for its introduction have been to decrease the cost of delivering healthcare, make more efficient use of the health workforce, and improve timely and equitable access to services.(3) From that perspective, the fundamental…”
BackgroundMethodWade, V., & Stocks, N. (2016) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2016.10.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign and Customization of Telemedicine Systems
Martínez-Alcalá, C. I., Muñoz, M., & Fierro, J. M. M. (2013) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/618025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Thus, companies involved in the health area must expand their capabilities to all stakeholders, including patients and the public in general towards robust, efficient, and friendly telemedicine systems [7, 8].”
BackgroundMashru, J., Kirlew, M., Saginur, R., & Schreiber, Y. (2016) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x15625136 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Previously published economic analyses question whether telemedicine is indeed cost-effective from the standpoint of the provider.(14) It is generally believed that true monetary gains rely on overall socioeconomic benefits that take patient and physician travel costs and hours of missed work for appointments into acc…”
BackgroundWhat Is Digital Health and What Do I Need to Know About It?
Lowery, C. L. (2020) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2020.02.011 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Telemedicine uptake among Genetics Professionals in Europe: room for expansion
Otten, E., Birnie, E., Lucassen, A., Ranchor, A. V., & van Langen, I. M. (2015) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.83 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Stitching Infrastructures to Facilitate Telemedicine for Low-Resource Environments
Chandwani, R. K., & Kumar, N. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173958 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Arguably, telemedicine tends to amplify the effectiveness and efficiency of existing healthcare delivery or the lack thereof [45].”
BackgroundRuf, B., Jenkinson, P., Armour, D. L., Fraser, M., & Watson, A. J. M. (2019) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x19849280 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Thus, VC clinics can be cost-effective from a healthcare provider’s point of view, especially for rural healthcare.(24) Of note, this distancemanagement solution was not intended to reduce drug costs – for example, for biologic medication.”
BackgroundKoivunen, M. H., Niemi, A., & Hupli, M. (2014) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12529 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Modes of delivery in preventive intervention studies: a rapid review
Beall, R. F., Baskerville, N. B., Golfam, M., Saeed, S., & Little, J. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12279 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Overcoming Barriers to Larger-Scale Adoption of Telepsychiatry
Mahmoud, H., Vogt, E. L., Sers, M., Fattal, O., & Ballout, S. (2019) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20181228-02 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
An economic cost analysis of an expanding, multi-state behavioural telehealth intervention
Yilmaz, S., Horn, B. P., Fore, C., & Bonham, C. (2019) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x18774181 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Connected Mental Health: Systematic Mapping Study
(2020) · doi:10.2196/19950 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“CMH can use technology-based interventions such as video conferencing; telemental health [26]; mobile-based interventions [27,28]; internet-based solutions [29,30], which are necessary in situations such as global health pandemics; and novel digital data collection interventions [31,32].”
BackgroundHorn, B. P., Barragan, G. N., Fore, C., & Bonham, C. (2016) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x15587171 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Green, S., Hartzfeld, D., Terry, A. B., Fissell, K., Friedman, S. J., Paolino, N., Principe, K., Sandbach, J. F., Trzupek, K. M., Winheld, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1627 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jeffs, L. P., Jain, A. K., Man, R., Onabajo, N., Desveaux, L., Shaw, J., Hensel, J. M., Agarwal, P., Saragosa, M., Jamieson, T., et al. (2017) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0557-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Further, telehomecare can reduce costs associated with improved coordination, continuity of care, and access to specialized care [20, 25, 26].”
Background
- Authors
- Wade, V. A., Karnon, J., Elshaug, A. G., & Hiller, J. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- South Australia Pathology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wade, Victoria A
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2010-08-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 233-233
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2927589
- OpenAlex
- W1990461339
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Healthcare Systems and Technology
- Keywords
- telemedicine, real-time video communication, synchronous telehealth, cost-effectiveness, health care costs, health outcomes, rural health care, home care, patient travel costs
- MeSH terms
- Costs and Cost Analysis, Humans, Rural Population, Video Recording, Telemedicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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