Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines
Open accessAbstract
Biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining increased attention for their ability to serve as a viable carrier for site specific delivery of vaccines, genes, drugs and other biomolecules in the body. They offer enhanced biocompatibility, superior drug/vaccine encapsulation, and convenient release profiles for a number of drugs, vaccines and biomolecules to be used in a variety of applications in the field of medicine. In this manuscript, the methods of preparation of biodegradable NPs, different factors affecting optimal drug encapsulation, factors affecting drug release rates, various surface modifications of nanoparticles to enhance in-vivo circulation, distribution and multimodal functionalities along with the specific applications such as tumor targeting, oral delivery, and delivery of these particles to the central nervous system have been reviewed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nanometer-sized materials with high biocompatibility and biodegradability are considered excellent drug delivery systems for biomedical applications.
“Ideally, nanometer-sized materials with high biocompatibility8 and biodegradability9 are considered excellent drug delivery systems for biomedical applications.10”
From Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems
Kumari, A., Yadav, S. K., & Yadav, S. C. (2009) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.001 · Cited by 3,755 · see citing works
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices
Soppimath, K. S., Aminabhavi, T. M., Kulkarni, A. R., & Rudzinski, W. E. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00339-4 · Cited by 3,549 · see citing works
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
He, W., Yang, K., Fan, L., et al. (2015) · Cited by 2,666 · see citing works
Nanocapsule formation by interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement
Fessi, H., Puisieux, F., Devissaguet, J. P., Ammoury, N., & Benita, S. (1989) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(89)90281-0 · Cited by 2,291 · see citing works
Gref, R., Lück, M., Quellec, P., Marchand, M., Dellacherie, E., Harnisch, S., Blunk, T., & Müller, R. H. (2000) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/s0927-7765(99)00156-3 · Cited by 1,725 · see citing works
Mohanraj, V. J., & Chen, Y. (2007) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles
Reis, C. P., Neufeld, R. J., Ribeiro, A. J., & Veiga, F. (2006) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2005.12.003 · Cited by 1,355 · see citing works
Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting
Hans, M. L., & Lowman, A. M. (2002) · Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science · doi:10.1016/s1359-0286(02)00117-1 · Cited by 1,324 · see citing works
Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs
Sinha, V. R., Singla, A. K., Wadhawan, S., Kaushik, R., Kumria, R., Bansal, K., & Dhawan, S. (2004) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.026 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs.
Kreuter, J. (2001) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00122-8 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Panyam, J., Zhou, W., Prabha, S., Sahoo, S. K., & Labhasetwar, V. D. (2002) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.02-0088com · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Govender, T. (1999) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00116-3 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs
Kreuter, J. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.015 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Surface modification of nanoparticles to oppose uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system
Storm, G., Belliot, S. O., Daemen, T., & Lasiç, D. D. (1995) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(95)00039-a · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Calvo, P., Remuñán‐López, C., Vila-Jato, J. L., et al. (1997) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012128907225 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Gan, Q., & Wang, T. (2007) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.04.009 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Long circulating microparticulate drug carriers
Stolnik, S., Illum, L., & Davis, S. S. (1995) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(95)00025-3 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Eldridge, J. H., Hammond, C., Meulbroek, J. A., Staas, J. K., Gilley, R. M., & Tice, T. R. (1990) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(90)90133-e · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
(2019) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/ctmc-15680266-615 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Miyoshi, H., & Nakamura, M. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22709 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Design of biodegradable particles for protein delivery
Vila, A., Sánchez, A., Tobío, M. T. B., Calvo, P., & Alonso, M. J. (2002) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00486-2 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology and medicine.
ScienceDirect (2005) · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Biodegradable nanoparticles for cytosolic delivery of therapeutics
VASIR, J., & LABHASETWAR, V (2007) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.06.003 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Niwa, T., Takeuchi, H., Hino, T., Kunou, N., & Kawashimà, Y. (1993) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(93)90097-o · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Which polymers can make nanoparticulate drug carriers long-circulating?
Torchilin, V. P., & Trubetskoy, V. S. (1995) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(95)00022-y · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Drug transport to brain with targeted nanoparticles
Olivier, J. (2004) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.108 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Drug and gene targeting to the brain with molecular trojan horses
Pardridge, W. M. (2002) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd725 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
New Generation of Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
Park, K., Lee, S., Kang, E., Kim, K., Choi, K., & Kwon, I. C. (2009) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.200801655 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology
Xavier, C. P. R., Lima, C. F., Rohde, M., et al. (2013) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/280.1432-0843 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Tobío, M. T. B., Sánchez, A., Vila, A., Soriano, I., Évora, C., Vila-Jato, J. L., & Alonso, M. J. (2000) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/s0927-7765(99)00157-5 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Transporter-Mediated Permeation of Drugs Across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Tamai, I., & Tsuji, A. (2000) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/1520-6017(200011)89:11 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Multi-functional polymeric nanoparticles for tumour-targeted drug delivery
van Vlerken, L. E., & Amiji, M. M. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.3.2.205 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Shenoy, D. B., & Amiji, M. M. (2005) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.010 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Oyewumi, M. O., Yokel, R. A., Jay, M., Coakley, T., & Mumper, R. J. (2004) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.01.002 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Leroux, J.-C., Allémann, E., De Jaeghere, F., Doelker, E., & Gurny, R. (1996) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(95)00164-6 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
DNA vaccines: a key for inducing long-term cellular immunity
Gurunathan, S., Wu, C. Y., Freidag, B. L., & Seder, R. A. (2000) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00118-7 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Brain uptake of thiamine-coated nanoparticles
Lockman, P. R., Oyewumi, M. O., Koziara, J. M., Roder, K. E., Mumper, R. J., & Allen, D. D. (2003) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.08.006 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Nanocapsules as carriers for oral peptide delivery
Damgé, C., Michel, C., Aprahamian, M., et al. (1990) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(90)90013-j · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Microspheres containing plasmid-encoded antigens elicit cytotoxic T-cell responses
Hedley, M. L., Curley, J., & Urban, R. G. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0398-365 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Kim, S. Y., & Lee, Y. M. (2001) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00292-1 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Specific role of polysorbate 80 coating on the targeting of nanoparticles to the brain
Sun, W., Xie, C., Wang, H., & Hu, Y. L. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.087 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Scholes, P., Coombes, A. G. A., Illum, L., et al. (1993) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(93)90103-c · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Aslani, P., & Kennedy, R. A. (1996) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(96)01369-7 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Surface-engineered nanoparticles for multiple ligand coupling
Gref, R., Couvreur, P., BARRATT, G. M., & Mysiakine, E. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00348-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Nano-encapsulation of azole antifungals: Potential applications to improve oral drug delivery
Pandey, R., Ahmad, Z., Sharma, S., & Khuller, G. K. (2005) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.027 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Carrasquillo, K. G., Stanley, A. M., Carro, J. C. A., Jésus, P. D., Costantino, H. R., Bosques, C. J., & Griebenow, K. H. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00430-8 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Nanoparticle drug delivery system for restenosis
Labhasetwar, V. D., Song, C. X., & Levy, R. J. (1997) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00483-8 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Choi, C., Chae, S. Y., & Nah, J. W. (2006) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.011 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of lactoferrin in rats
Ji, B., Maeda, J., Higuchi, M., Inoue, K., Akita, H., Harashima, H., & Suhara, T. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.085 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier
Chen, Y., Dalwadi, G., & Benson, H. A. E. (2004) · Current Drug Delivery · doi:10.2174/1567201043334542 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Zweers, M. L. T., Engbers, G. H. M., Grijpma, D. W., & Feijén, J. (2004) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.008 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Shen, Z., & Nagai, T. (2001) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00614-7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
pH-sensitive nanoparticles for improving the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine A
Dai, J.-D., Nagai, T., Wang, X., Zhang, T., Meng, M., & Zhang, Q. (2004) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.05.006 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Modification of nanostructured materials for biomedical applications
Xu, T., Zhang, N., Nichols, H. L., Shi, D., & Wen, X. (2006) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.029 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Tissue Distribution of Antitumor Drugs Associated with Polyalkylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles
Couvreur, P., Kante, B., Lenaerts, V., et al. (1980) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600690222 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Ofokansi, K. C., Winter, G., Fricker, G., & Coester, C. (2010) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.04.008 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Interaction of PLGA nanoparticles with human blood constituents
Kim, D., El‐Shall, H., Dennis, D. M., & Morey, T. E. (2004) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.05.007 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Direct or Two-Step Tumor Immunotargeting
Nobs, L., Buchegger, F., Gurny, R., et al. (2005) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc050137k · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Boudad, H., Legrand, P., Bas, G. L., Chéron, M., Duchêne, D., & Ponchel, G. (2001) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00622-6 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Production of 5–15 µm Diameter Alginate-Polylysine Microcapsules by an Air-Atomization Technique
Kwok, K., Groves, M. J., & Burgess, D. J. (1991) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1015841531372 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Tissue distribution of doxorubicin associated with polyisohexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles
Verdun, C., Brasseur, F., Vranckx, H., Couvreur, P., & Roland, M. (1990) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02940287 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Polymeric nanoparticles as delivery system for influenza virus glycoproteins
Lemoine, D., & Préat, V. (1998) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(97)00241-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Yoshioka, T., Hashida, M., Muranishi, S., et al. (1981) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(81)90017-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Microparticulate absorption from the rat intestine
Jenkins, P. G., Howard, K. A., Blackball, N. W., Thomas, N. W., Davis, S. S., & O’Hagan, D. T. (1994) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(94)90079-5 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Influence of the preparation conditions on poly(ethylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsule formation
Puglisi, G., Fresta, M., Giammona, G., et al. (1995) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(95)00142-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Drug and gene targeting to the brain via blood–brain barrier receptor-mediated transport systems
Pardridge, W. M. (2005) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/j.ics.2005.02.011 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Formulation development of freeze-dried oligonucleotide-loaded gelatin nanoparticles
Zillies, J. C., Zwiorek, K., Hoffmann, F., Vollmar, A. M., Anchordoquy, T. J., Winter, G., & Coester, C. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.04.026 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ex vivo and in situ PLGA microspheres uptake by pig ileal Peyer’s patch segment
Torché, A.-M., Jouan, H., Corre, P. L., Albina, E., Primault, R., Jestin, A., & Verge, R. L. (2000) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00364-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Eley, J. G., Pujari, V. D., & McLane, J. S. (2004) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717540490467384 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Future prospects of nanoparticles on brain targeted drug delivery
Chakraborty, C., Sarkar, B., Hsu, C. H., Wen, Z., Lin, C. S., & Shieh, P.-C. (2008) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-008-9759-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gabathuler, R., Arthur, G., Kennard, M. L., Chen, Q., Tsai, S., Yang, J., Schoorl, W., Vitalis, T., & Jefferies, W. A. (2005) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/j.ics.2005.02.021 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Drug Delivery from Therapeutic Self-Assembled Monolayers (T-SAMs) on 316L Stainless Steel
Johnson, D., Mahapatro, A., Patel, D. N., et al. (2008) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802608783790929 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationThe use of Pep: Trans vectors for the delivery of drugs into the central nervous system
Scherrmann, J., & Temsamani, J. (2005) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/j.ics.2005.02.023 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Drug transport to brain with targeted nanoparticles
Olivier, J. (2005) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/bf03206647 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
Sun, T., Zhang, Y. S., Pang, B., Hyun, D. C., Yang, M., & Xia, Y. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201403036 · Cited by 2,164 · see citing works
Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges
Gavas, S., Quazi, S., & Karpiński, T. M. (2021) · Nanoscale Research Letters · doi:10.1186/s11671-021-03628-6 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Crossing the blood-brain barrier with nanoparticles
Zhou, Y., Peng, Z., Seven, E. S., & Leblanc, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.015 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles
Singh, A. P., Biswas, A., Shukla, A., & Maiti, P. (2019) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-019-0068-3 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Rai, R., Alwani, S., & Badea, I. (2019) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym11040745 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Del Amo, L., Cano, A., Ettcheto, M., Souto, E. B., Espina, M., Camins, A., García, M. L., & Sánchez-López, E. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11094305 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ocular drug delivery: advancements and innovations
Tian, B., Bilsbury, E., Doherty, S., Teebagy, S., Wood, E., Su, W., Gao, G., & Lin, H. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14091931 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Razura-Carmona, F. F., Pérez-Larios, A., González-Silva, N., Herrera-Martínez, M., Medina-Torres, L., Sáyago-Ayerdi, S. G., & Sánchez-Burgos, J. A. (2019) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers11121965 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cationic CaMKII Inhibiting Nanoparticles Prevent Allergic Asthma
Morris, A. S., Sebag, S. C., Paschke, J. D., Wongrakpanich, A., Ebeid, K., Anderson, M. E., Grumbach, I. M., & Salem, A. K. (2017) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00114 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mahapatro, A., & Singh, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Wichita State University (US)
- Winston-Salem State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Dinesh K
- ORCID
- Singh, Dinesh K
- Venue
- Journal of Nanobiotechnology
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55
- ISSN
- 1477-3155 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3238292
- OpenAlex
- W2146738959
- Cited by
- 685
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Nanobiotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (SC3GM084802)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P20MD002303)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
- Keywords
- biodegradable nanoparticles, drug delivery, vaccine delivery, site-specific delivery, nanoparticle synthesis, drug encapsulation, controlled drug release, surface modification, tumor targeting, oral drug delivery, central nervous system delivery
- MeSH terms
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer, Cyanoacrylates, Gelatin, Humans, Neoplasms, Particle Size, Polyesters, Polyglycolic Acid, Polymers, Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Vehicles, Lactic Acid, Chitosan, Nanocapsules
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
