Polymeric Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: New Avenues of Design and Optimization for Delivery Applications

Rai, Raj; Alwani, Saniya; Badea, Ildiko

doi:10.3390/polym11040745

Cited by 351RNA Interference and Gene DeliveryNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryDendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: New Avenues of Design and Optimization for Delivery Applications

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Rai, Raj, Alwani, Saniya, Badea, Ildiko·2019·Polymers

DOI 10.3390/polym11040745PMC PMC6523186

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Abstract

The field of polymeric nanoparticles is quickly expanding and playing a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of areas ranging from electronics, photonics, conducting materials, and sensors to medicine, pollution control, and environmental technology. Among the applications of polymers in medicine, gene therapy has emerged as one of the most advanced, with the capability to tackle disorders from the modern era. However, there are several barriers associated with the delivery of genes in the living system that need to be mitigated by polymer engineering. One of the most crucial challenges is the effectiveness of the delivery vehicle or vector. In last few decades, non-viral delivery systems have gained attention because of their low toxicity, potential for targeted delivery, long-term stability, lack of immunogenicity, and relatively low production cost. In 1987, Felgner et al. used the cationic lipid based non-viral gene delivery system for the very first time. This breakthrough opened the opportunity for other non-viral vectors, such as polymers. Cationic polymers have emerged as promising candidates for non-viral gene delivery systems because of their facile synthesis and flexible properties. These polymers can be conjugated with genetic material via electrostatic attraction at physiological pH, thereby facilitating gene delivery. Many factors influence the gene transfection efficiency of cationic polymers, including their structure, molecular weight, and surface charge. Outstanding representatives of polymers that have emerged over the last decade to be used in gene therapy are synthetic polymers such as poly(l-lysine), poly(l-ornithine), linear and branched polyethyleneimine, diethylaminoethyl-dextran, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). Natural polymers, such as chitosan, dextran, gelatin, pullulan, and synthetic analogs, with sophisticated features like guanidinylated bio-reducible polymers were also explored. This review outlines the introduction of polymers in medicine, discusses the methods of polymer synthesis, addressing top down and bottom up techniques. Evaluation of functionalization strategies for therapeutic and formulation stability are also highlighted. The overview of the properties, challenges, and functionalization approaches and, finally, the applications of the polymeric delivery systems in gene therapy marks this review as a unique one-stop summary of developments in this field.

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Polymeric nanoparticles are gaining importance in gene delivery due to their versatility of structural confirmation, biodegradability, and easy synthesis.
“Polymeric nanoparticles are now gaining importance in gene delivery due to their versatility of structural confirmation, biodegradability, and easy synthesis.”
From The Ocular Gene Delivery Landscape (2021) · cites this paper as [38]

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Authors: Rai, R., Alwani, S., & Badea, I.
Affiliations: University of Saskatchewan (CA)
Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
ORCID: Rai, Raj
Venue: Polymers
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2019-04-25
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 745
ISSN: 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/polym11040745
PMC: PMC6523186
OpenAlex: W2940776419
Cited by: 350
References: 214
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 8
FWCI: 3.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2015-03689)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
Keywords: polymeric nanoparticles, gene therapy, non-viral gene delivery, cationic polymers, polyethyleneimine, chitosan, PAMAM dendrimers, PDMAEMA, polymer synthesis, top-down and bottom-up synthesis, polymer functionalization, transfection efficiency, surface charge, molecular weight, targeted delivery, formulation stability

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Polymeric Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: New Avenues of Design and Optimization for Delivery Applications

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