Surface Functionalization of PLGA Nanoparticles to Increase Transport across the BBB for Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for about 60% of all diagnosed cases of dementia worldwide. Although there are currently several drugs marketed for its treatment, none are capable of slowing down or stopping the progression of AD. The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in the design of a successful treatment for this neurodegenerative disease. Nanosized particles have been proposed as suitable drug delivery systems to overcome BBB with the purpose of increasing bioavailability of drugs in the brain. Biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) have been particularly regarded as promising drug delivery systems as they can be surface-tailored with functionalized molecules for site-specific targeting. In this review, a thorough discussion about the most recent functionalization strategies based on PLGA-NPs for AD and their mechanisms of action is provided, together with a description of AD pathogenesis and the role of the BBB in brain targeting.
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EDC-NHS coupling allows reactive NHS esters to covalently bond with the primary amine group of a peptide, allowing the formation of peptide-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles.
“For example, EDC-NHS coupling allows reactive NHS esters to covalently bond with the primary amine group of a peptide, allowing the formation of peptide-conjugated PLGA NPs [30].”
From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
Modifying the surface of nanoparticles with specific ligands such as polymers, proteins, antibodies, peptides, or aptamers is a suitable strategy to enhance their performance in transporting drugs across the brain and improve therapeutic efficiency.
“Modifying the surface of the NPs with specific ligands (e.g., polymers, proteins, antibodies, peptides, aptamers, etc.) is a suitable strategy to enhance their performance in transporting drugs across the brain and improve their therapeutic efficiency.”
From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
Surfactants like polyvinyl alcohol contribute steric repulsions that increase stability, prevent aggregation, and allow control of nanoparticle size.
“Regarding the surface’s hydrophobicity, the usage of surfactants like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) contributes with steric repulsions, responsible for the increase in stability and prevention of aggregation, allowing, therefore, control of the NPs’ size [30].”
From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
Surface functionalization can be categorized into pre-transcytosis to increase circulation half-life, transcytosis to improve passage across the blood-brain barrier, and post-transcytosis to direct nanoparticles to damaged nerve cells.
“The functionalization can be categorized into pre-transcytosis (before crossing the BBB cells) to increase the half-life’s circulation time in the blood; transcytosis to improve the passage across the BBB; and post-transcytosis to direct the NPs to the damaged nerve cells [30].”
From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Del Amo, L., Cano, A., Ettcheto, M., Souto, E. B., Espina, M., Camins, A., García, M. L., & Sánchez-López, E.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (ES)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (ES)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4305
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3163067523
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Estudo Geral (Universidad de Coimbra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (SAF2017-84283-R)
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2017-84283-R)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (FJC2018-036012-I, CB06/05/0024)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/04469/2020, UIDB/04469)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, PLGA nanoparticles, blood-brain barrier, surface functionalization, brain drug delivery, biodegradable nanoparticles, BBB crossing, targeted drug delivery, Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, nanomedicine
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