Cited by 258Physical Activity and HealthObesity, Physical Activity, DietSports and Physical Education Studies

Levels of physical activity and sedentary time among 10- to 12-year-old boys and girls across 5 European countries using accelerometers: an observational study within the ENERGY-project

Open access
Verloigne, Maite, Van Lippevelde, Wendy, Maes, Lea, Yildirim, Mine, Chinapaw, Mai, Manios, Yannis, Androutsos, Odysseas, Kovacs, Eva +3 more·2012·International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The study aim was to objectively assess levels of sedentary time, light, moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA) among 10-12 year olds across five European countries and to examine differences in sedentary time and PA according to gender and country. METHODS: 686 children (mean age = 11.6 ± 0.8 years, 53% girls, mean BMI = 19.0 ± 3.4 kg/m(2)) from Belgium, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands and Switzerland wore Actigraph accelerometers and had at least 2 weekdays with minimum 10 h-wearing time and 1 weekend day with minimum 8 h-wearing time. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses of covariance. RESULTS: Girls spent significantly more time sedentary (500 minutes/day) than boys (474 minutes/day) and significantly less time in light (267 minutes/day) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (32 minutes/day) than boys (284 minutes/day; 43 minutes/day respectively; p < 0.001). 4.6% of the girls and 16.8% of the boys met moderate-to-vigorous PA recommendations of at least 60 minutes/day. Greek boys were more sedentary (510 minutes/day; all at p < 0.05) than other boys. Dutch girls were less sedentary (457 minutes/day; all at p < 0.05) than other girls. Swiss girls displayed more moderate-to-vigorous PA (43 minutes/day; at p < 0.05) than other girls. CONCLUSIONS: Large proportions of children across different European countries did not meet PA recommendations and spent a lot of time sedentary. Mean time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA was significantly lower than the recommended 60 minutes. Obesity prevention programmes focusing on both decreasing sedentary time and increasing light, moderate and vigorous PA are needed for European children, particularly girls.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This cross-European observational study objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity in 10- to 12-year-olds using accelerometers. It found that most children did not meet MVPA recommendations, with girls more sedentary and less active than boys.

Key findings

  • Girls spent significantly more time sedentary (500 min/day) than boys (474 min/day) and significantly less time in light PA (267 vs. 284 min/day) and MVPA (32 vs. 43 min/day; all p < 0.001).
  • Only 4.6% of girls and 16.8% of boys met the MVPA recommendation of at least 60 min/day.
  • Greek boys were more sedentary (510 min/day) than other boys, Dutch girls were less sedentary (457 min/day) than other girls, and Swiss girls had more MVPA (43 min/day) than other girls (all at p < 0.05).
  • No significant differences were found in LPA between the five countries.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional observational study within the ENERGY-project; 686 children (mean age 11.6 ± 0.8 years, 53% girls, mean BMI 19.0 ± 3.4 kg/m²) from Belgium, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
  • Children wore Actigraph accelerometers and were included with at least 2 weekdays of ≥10 h wearing time and 1 weekend day of ≥8 h wearing time; sedentary, LPA, MPA, and VPA were estimated using Treuth cut-points.
  • Multivariate analyses of covariance examined differences by gender and country, adjusted for age, month of wearing, accelerometer model, and language spoken at home.

Limitations

  • The paper states that accelerometers do not measure arm movement or swimming, do not distinguish lying, sitting, and standing still, and underestimate cycling and some other activities.
  • The paper reports a relatively large drop-out of accelerometer data due to insufficient valid days, and notes that dropouts may have been less active or, conversely, more active and inconvenienced by wearing the device.
  • The paper notes use of three Actigraph models (GT1M, GT3X, Actitrainer) and that reduced sensitivity in low-count ranges in the GT1M may make it somewhat less suited for monitoring sedentary time and LPA; the cross-sectional design also makes causal inference impossible (evident from the text).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1479-5868-9-34

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 24 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    For Belgian, Hungarian and Dutch girls, the percentage meeting MVPA recommendations ranged from 1.5 to 2.1%.

    “For Belgian, Hungarian and Dutch girls, the percentage of girls meeting MVPA recommendations ranged from 1.5 to 2.1%”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Dutch girls were less sedentary (457 minutes/day) than all other girls (p < 0.05).

    “Dutch girls were less sedentary (457 minutes/day; all at p < 0.05) than other girls.”
    • Also stated in: § Country differences · plain
      “Dutch girls were less sedentary than all other girls with an average of 457 minutes per day (all at p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Swiss girls spent more time in MVPA (43 minutes/day) than all other girls (p < 0.05).

    “Swiss girls displayed more moderate-to-vigorous PA (43 minutes/day; at p < 0.05) than other girls.”
    • Also stated in: § Country differences · plain
      “Swiss girls spent more time in MVPA than all other girls with 43 minutes per day (all at p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    12.5% of Swiss girls met MVPA recommendations.

    “whereas this was 12.5% in Swiss girls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    16.8% of boys met the MVPA recommendation of at least 60 minutes/day.

    “compared to 16.8% of the boys (see Table 2)”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “4.6% of the girls and 16.8% of the boys met moderate-to-vigorous PA recommendations of at least 60 minutes/day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • May combine two claims. 11
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Girls spent significantly more time sedentary than boys (500 vs 474 minutes/day, p < 0.001).

    “Girls spent significantly more time sedentary (500 minutes/day) than boys (474 minutes/day)”
    • Also stated in: § Gender differences · plain
      “After adjusting for age, girls spent significantly more time sedentary and less time in all PA intensities than boys (all at p < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Greek girls spent the most time sedentary (526 minutes/day), but did not significantly differ from Belgian (511 minutes/day) and Swiss girls (498 minutes/day).

    “Greek girls spent the most time sedentary (526 minutes per day), although they did not significantly differ from Belgian (511 minutes per day) and Swiss girls (498 minutes per day).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Swiss boys spent the most minutes in MVPA (50 minutes/day), but did not significantly differ from Belgian (42 minutes/day) and Greek boys (41 minutes/day).

    “Swiss boys spent the most minutes in MVPA (50 minutes per day), although they did not significantly differ from Belgian (42 minutes per day) and Greek boys (41 minutes per day).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cross-European differences in sedentary time and PA exist, possibly due to political and environmental differences.

    “the current study disclosed some cross-European differences in the levels of sedentary time and PA, possibly due to political and environmental differences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Hungarian and Swiss schools provide three hours of physical education per week, whereas Belgian, Greek and Dutch schools provide two hours per week.
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Boys did somewhat better than girls, and rather large differences between countries were observed.

    “Boys did somewhat better than girls, and rather large differences between countries were observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The present study shows low levels of PA and high sedentary time in schoolchildren in five countries across Europe.

    “In conclusion, the present study shows low levels of PA and high sedentary time in schoolchildren in five countries across Europe.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of children from the selected cities and schools is representative of 10- to 12-year-old children in the five European countries.
    • Rests on an assumption: Children who dropped out of the accelerometer data collection did not differ systematically in PA or sedentary time from those included.
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Gender differences in sedentary time and PA were established across all countries, comparable to previous studies.

    “Comparable to previous studies [37-39], the current study established gender differences in both sedentary time and PA across all countries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [37]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Accelerometry enables distinguishing between different levels of PA and between LPA and sedentary time.

    “Accelerometry enables distinguishing between different levels of PA (light, moderate, vigorous) and between light PA (LPA) and sedentary time [16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Actigraph accelerometers have shown adequate reproducibility, validity and feasibility in children and adolescents.

    “In general, Actigraph accelerometers have shown adequate reproducibility, validity and feasibility in children and adolescents [23].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Accelerometers do not measure arm movement or swimming activities, do not distinguish between lying, sitting and standing still, and underestimate the intensity of cycling and some other activities.

    “accelerometers do not measure arm movement or swimming activities, do not distinguish between lying, sitting and standing still and underestimate the intensity of cycling and some other activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Researchers responsible for accelerometer data collection were trained to work according to a standardized accelerometer protocol.

    “Researchers responsible for the accelerometer data collection were trained to work according to a standardized accelerometer protocol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Three different models of Actigraph accelerometers (GT1M, GT3X and Actitrainer) were used.

    “A final possible limitation is the use of three different models of Actigraph accelerometers (GT1M, GT3X and Actitrainer).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both PA and sedentary time independently contribute to the development of chronic diseases and overweight/obesity.

    “Moreover, recent studies showed that both behaviours independently contribute to the development of chronic diseases and overweight and obesity [9-12].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [9]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Analyses were adjusted for age, month of wearing the accelerometer, accelerometer model, and language spoken at home.

    “Four covariates were included: (a) age, (b) month of wearing the accelerometer (since Switzerland has started somewhat later with the accelerometer data collection), (c) accelerometer model (since different accelerometer models were used across countries) and (d) language spoken at home (native vs. non-native) as an indicator of ethnicity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Children were included if they had at least 2 weekdays with minimum 10 h-wearing time and 1 weekend day with minimum 8 h-wearing time.

    “Children were included in the study if they had at least 2 weekdays with minimum 10 h-wearing time and 1 weekend day with minimum 8 h-wearing time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical activity is important for physical and mental health and is an important target in obesity prevention.

    “Physical activity (PA) is important for physical and mental health, and is acknowledged as an important target in obesity prevention [1-3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Accelerometers are considered valid and reliable instruments and feasible to use in large-scale observational and intervention studies.

    “Accelerometers are considered valid and reliable instruments and feasible to use in large-scale observational and intervention studies [14,15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    It is recommended for children to participate in at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity.

    “According to this evidence, it has been recommended for children to participate in at least 60 minutes per day moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) [4-6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The cut-point of 100 cpm for sedentary time exhibited good to excellent classification accuracy.

    “A recent study of Trost et al. [30] stated that the cut-point of 100 cpm for sedentary time exhibited good to excellent classification accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The most appropriate cut-point for MPA lies in the range 3000-3600 cpm.

    “Reilly et al. [29] suggested that the most appropriate cut-point for MPA lies in the range 3000-3600 cpm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29]

      Not checked in the free run.

20 of 20
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of children from the selected cities and schools is representative of 10- to 12-year-old children in the five European countries.

    “representative samples of 10- to 12-year-old children across five countries in Europe”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Children who dropped out of the accelerometer data collection did not differ systematically in PA or sedentary time from those included.

    “It is possible that the children who dropped out were less physically active and not interested in wearing an accelerometer or conversely, were more active and experienced the accelerometer as an inconvenience during exercise.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are no policy measures in the European countries with regard to sedentary time.

    “To our knowledge, there are no policy measures in the European countries with regard to sedentary time.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hungarian and Swiss schools provide three hours of physical education per week, whereas Belgian, Greek and Dutch schools provide two hours per week.

    “e.g. Hungarian and Swiss schools provide three hours of physical education per week, whereas Belgian, Greek and Dutch schools provide two hours per week.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Accelerometer-model totals do not match the country rows

    Minor

    Weighting the country percentages by their sample sizes gives approximately 24% GT1M, 33% GT3X and 43% Actitrainer. The total row reports 33%, 43% and 24%, respectively.

1 of 1

Cites

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1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Verloigne, M., Van Lippevelde, W., Maes, L., Yildirim, M., Chinapaw, M., Manios, Y., Androutsos, O., Kovacs, E., Bringolf-Isler, B., Brug, J., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I.
Affiliations
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
  • Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
  • University of Pecs (HU)
Venue
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Published
2012
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
34
ISSN
1479-5868 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2137633832
Cited by
258
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 2
FWCI
16.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
  • edoc (University of Basel)
Funders
  • European Commission (FP7-HEALTH-2007-B, 223254)
  • Bundesamt für Gesundheit
  • Bundesamt für Sport
  • World Cancer Research Fund
  • FP7 Health
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Sports and Physical Education Studies
Keywords
physical activity, sedentary time, children, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, sex differences, cross-national comparison, accelerometer-measured activity, physical activity guidelines, obesity prevention, energy projects
MeSH terms
Anthropometry, Belgium, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Greece, Humans, Hungary, Male, Motor Activity, Netherlands, Obesity, Sex Factors, Switzerland, Multivariate Analysis, Sedentary Behavior

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