Age Group Comparability of Raw Accelerometer Output from Wrist- and Hip-Worn Monitors
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: The study aims were to compare raw triaxial accelerometer output from ActiGraph GT3X+ (AG) and GENEActiv (GA) placed on the hip and the wrist and to develop regression equations for estimating energy expenditure. METHODS: Thirty children (7-11 yr) and 30 adults (18-65 yr) completed eight activities (ranging from lying to running) while wearing one AG and one GA on the hip and the wrist. Oxygen consumption (V˙O2) was measured with indirect calorimetry. Analysis involved the use of ANOVA to examine the effect of activity, brand, and placement on the acceleration values, intraclass correlation coefficient to evaluate the agreement between the two brands and placements, and linear regression to establish intensity thresholds. RESULTS: A significant difference in acceleration values between the hip and the wrist placement was found (P < 0.001). The output from the wrist placement was, in general, higher compared with that from the hip. There was no main effect of monitor brand in adults (P < 0.12) and children (P < 0.73), and the intraclass correlation coefficient showed a strong agreement (0.96-0.99). However, a three-way interaction and systematic error between the brands was found in children. Acceleration from both brands and placements showed a strong correlation with V˙O2. The intensity classification accuracy of the developed thresholds for both brands and placements was, in general, higher for adults compared with that for children and was greater for sedentary/light (93%-97%), and vigorous activities (68%-92%) than that for moderate activities (33%-59%). CONCLUSIONS: Accelerometer outputs from AG and GA seem comparable when attached to the same body location in adults, whereas inconsistent differences are apparent between the two brands and placements in children, hence limiting the comparability between brands in this age group.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The time spent in activity intensities was established using published thresholds.
“The time spent in activity intensities was established using published thresholds.27”
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer
TROIANO, R. P., BERRIGAN, D., DODD, K. W., MÂSSE, L. C., TILERT, T., & MCDOWELL, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3 · Cited by 7,638 · see citing works
HASKELL, W. L., LEE, I.-M., PATE, R. R., POWELL, K. E., BLAIR, S. N., FRANKLIN, B. A., MACERA, C. A., HEATH, G. W., THOMPSON, P. D., & BAUMAN, A. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27 · Cited by 4,616 · see citing works
Too Much Sitting: The Population Health Science of Sedentary Behavior
Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E., & Dunstan, D. W. (2010) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181e373a2 · Cited by 2,202 · see citing works
Comparison of Accelerometer Cut Points for Predicting Activity Intensity in Youth
TROST, S. G., LOPRINZI, P. D., MOORE, R., & PFEIFFER, K. A. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318206476e · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
van Hees, V. T., Gorzelniak, L., Dean‐Leon, E., Eder, M., Pias, M. R., Taherian, S., Ekelund, U., Renström, F., Franks, P. W., Horsch, A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061691 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of Wearable Monitors for Assessing Sedentary Behavior
Keadle, S. K., Libertine, A., Lyden, K. A., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., & Freedson, P. S. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820ce174 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
Warburton, D. E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., & Bredin, S. S. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-39 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Hamilton, M. T., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Zderic, T. W., & Owen, N. G. (2008) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-008-0054-8 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Validation of the GENEA Accelerometer
ESLIGER, D. W., ROWLANDS, A. V., HURST, T. L., CATT, M., MURRAY, P., & ESTON, R. G. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820513be · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Colley, R. C., Gorber, S. C., & Tremblay, M. S. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Calibration of the GENEA accelerometer for assessment of physical activity intensity in children
Phillips, L. R. S., Parfitt, G., & Rowlands, A. V. (2012) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.05.013 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Daily physical activity assessment with accelerometers: new insights and validation studies
Plasqui, G., Bonomi, A. G., & Westerterp, K. R. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12021 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
van Hees, V. T., Renström, F., Wright, A., Gradmark, A., Catt, M., Chen, K. Y., Löf, M., Bluck, L. J. C., Pomeroy, J. J., Wareham, N. J., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022922 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of Two Wearable Monitors to Estimate Breaks from Sedentary Time
Lyden, K. A., Keadle, S. K., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., & Freedson, P. S. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318260c477 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Lubans, D. R., Hesketh, K., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., Salmon, J., Dollman, J., Morgan, P. J., Hills, A. P., & Hardy, L. L. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00896.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Verloigne, M., Van Lippevelde, W., Maes, L., Yildirim, M., Chinapaw, M., Manios, Y., Androutsos, O., Kovacs, E., Bringolf-Isler, B., Brug, J., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-34 · Cited by 258 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, both children and adults spend most of their time being sedentary (11,31,39) and a strength of the current study is that the protocol included sedentary activities like lying and sitting.”
BackgroundComparison of three generations of ActiGraph™ activity monitors in children and adolescents
Robusto, K. M., & Trost, S. G. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.710761 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Estimating Activity and Sedentary Behavior from an Accelerometer on the Hip or Wrist
Rosenberger, M. E., Haskell, W. L., Albinali, F., Mota, S., Nawyn, J., & Intille, S. S. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31827f0d9c · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Physical Activity Classification Using the GENEA Wrist-Worn Accelerometer
ZHANG, S., ROWLANDS, A. V., MURRAY, P., & HURST, T. L. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823bf95c · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Lyden, K., Kozey, S. L., Staudenmeyer, J. W., & Freedson, P. S. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1639-8 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Development of Novel Techniques to Classify Physical Activity Mode Using Accelerometers
POBER, D. M., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., Raphael, C. S., & Freedson, P. S. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227542.43669.45 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Validation of the GT3X ActiGraph in children and comparison with the GT1M ActiGraph
Hänggi, J. M., Phillips, L. R. S., & Rowlands, A. V. (2012) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.05.012 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Accelerometer counts and raw acceleration output in relation to mechanical loading
Rowlands, A. V., & Stiles, V. H. (2012) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.12.006 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Spittaels, H., Cauwenberghe, E. V., Verbestel, V., Meester, F. D., Dyck, D. V., Verloigne, M., Haerens, L. L., Deforche, B. I., Cardon, G., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-149 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Validity and Comparability of a Wrist-Worn Accelerometer in Children
Ekblom, Ö. B., Nyberg, G., Ekblom‐Bak, E., Ekelund, U., & Marcus, C. (2012) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.9.3.389 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity Patterns Measured by Accelerometry in 6- to 10-yr-Old Children
Nyberg, G., Nordenfelt, A., Ekelund, U., & Marcus, C. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a48ee6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity Using Hip- and Wrist-Worn Accelerometers
Chen, K. Y., Acra, S. A., Majchrzak, K. M., Donahue, C. L., Baker, L., Clemens, L. H., Sun, M., & Buchowski, M. S. (2003) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/152091503322641088 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Validity and Comparability of a Wrist-Worn Accelerometer in Children.
Ekblom, Ö. B., Nyberg, G., Ekblom‐Bak, E., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Healthy active living: Physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents
Lipnowski, S., LeBlanc, C., & Canadian Paediatric Society (2012) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/17.4.209 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Intermonitor Variability of GT3X Accelerometer
Santos‐Lozano, A., Torres‐Luque, G., Marin, P. J., Ruiz, J. R., Lucía, A., & Garatachea, N. (2012) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1312580 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Use of a Two-Regression Model for Estimating Energy Expenditure in Children
CROUTER, S. E., HORTON, M., & BASSETT, D. R. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182447825 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Harrington, D. M., Dowd, K., Bourke, A. K., & Donnelly, A. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-120 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Biomechanical examination of the ‘plateau phenomenon’ in ActiGraph vertical activity counts
John, D., Miller, R. H., Keadle, S. K., Caldwell, G. E., & Freedson, P. S. (2012) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/33/2/219 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Use of Accelerometry to Classify Activity Beneficial to Bone in Premenopausal Women
Stiles, V. H., Griew, P., & Rowlands, A. V. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31829ba765 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Alhassan, S., Lyden, K. A., Howe, C. A., Keadle, S. K., Nwaokelemeh, O., & Freedson, P. S. (2012) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.24.4.519 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Activity monitoring in sleep research, medicine and psychopharmacology.
Klösch, G., Gruber, G., Anderer, P., & Saletu, B. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ekelund, U., Tarp, J., Steene-Johannessen, J., Hansen, B. H., Jefferis, B., Fagerland, M. W., Whincup, P., Diaz, K. M., Hooker, S. P., Chernofsky, A., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4570 · Cited by 1,769 · see citing works
Self-citationA novel, open access method to assess sleep duration using a wrist-worn accelerometer
van Hees, V. T., Sabia, S., Anderson, K. N., Denton, S. J., Oliver, J., Catt, M., Abell, J. G., Kivimäki, M., Trenell, M. I., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142533 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Self-citationKlimentidis, Y. C., Raichlen, D. A., Bea, J., Garcia, D. O., Wineinger, N. E., Mandarino, L. J., Alexander, G. E., Chen, Z., & Going, S. B. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0120-3 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Evaluation of raw acceleration sedentary thresholds in children and adults
Hildebrand, M., Hansen, B. H., van Hees, V. T., & Ekelund, U. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12795 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Stamatakis, E., Ahmadi, M. N., Gill, J. M. R., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Gibala, M. J., Doherty, A., & Hamer, M. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02100-x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Physical activity, multimorbidity, and life expectancy: a UK Biobank longitudinal study
Chudasama, Y. V., Khunti, K. K., Zaccardi, F., Rowlands, A. V., Yates, T., Gillies, C. L., Davies, M. J., & Dhalwani, N. N. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1339-0 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Walmsley, R., Chan, S., Smith-Byrne, K., Ramakrishnan, R., Woodward, M., Rahimi, K., Dwyer, T., Bennett, D., & Doherty, A. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104050 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Accelerometer-assessed Physical Activity in Epidemiology: Are Monitors Equivalent?
ROWLANDS, A. V., MIRKES, E. M., YATES, T., CLEMES, S., DAVIES, M., KHUNTI, K., & EDWARDSON, C. L. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001435 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Ramakrishnan, R., Doherty, A., Smith-Byrne, K., Rahimi, K., Bennett, D., Woodward, M., Walmsley, R., & Dwyer, T. (2021) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003487 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Hip and Wrist Accelerometer Algorithms for Free-Living Behavior Classification
ELLIS, K., KERR, J., GODBOLE, S., STAUDENMAYER, J., & LANCKRIET, G. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000840 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Field evaluation of a random forest activity classifier for wrist-worn accelerometer data
Pavey, T. G., Gilson, N. D., Gomersall, S. R., Clark, B., & Trost, S. G. (2017) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.06.003 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Comparability and feasibility of wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers in free-living adolescents.
Scott, J. J., Rowlands, A. V., Cliff, D. P., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Lubans, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.04.017 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Rowlands, A. V. (2018) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2018-0201 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Yates, T., Edwardson, C. L., Celis-Morales, C., Biddle, S. J. H., Bodicoat, D., Davies, M. J., Esliger, D., Henson, J., Kazi, A., Khunti, K., et al. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly252 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Jauho, A.-M., Pyky, R., Ahola, R., Kangas, M., Virtanen, P., Korpelainen, R., & Jämsä, T. (2015) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.07.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Leroux, A., Xu, S., Kundu, P., Muschelli, J., Smirnova, E., Chatterjee, N., & Crainiceanu, C. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa250 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Taylor, S. L., Noonan, R. J., Knowles, Z. R., Owen, M. B., McGrane, B., Curry, W. B., & Fairclough, S. J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15051011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Early postpartum physical activity and pelvic floor support and symptoms 1 year postpartum
Nygaard, I. E., Wolpern, A., Bardsley, T., Egger, M. J., & Shaw, J. M. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.033 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Frequency of interruptions to sitting time: benefits for postprandial metabolism in type 2 diabetes
Homer, A. R., Taylor, F. C., Dempsey, P. C., Wheeler, M. J., Sethi, P., Townsend, M. K., Grace, M. S., Green, D. J., Cohen, N. D., Larsen, R. N., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1410 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Duncan, M. J., Vandelanotte, C., Trost, S. G., Rebar, A. L., Rogers, N., Burton, N. W., Murawski, B., Rayward, A., Fenton, S., & Brown, W. J. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3256-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
COOMBES, J. S., KEATING, S. E., MIELKE, G. I., FASSETT, R. G., COOMBES, B. K., O’LEARY, K. P., COX, E. R., & BURTON, N. W. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002768 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Shelley, J., Fairclough, S. J., Knowles, Z. R., Southern, K. W., McCormack, P., Dawson, E. A., Graves, L. E. F., & Hanlon, C. (2018) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1301-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comparison of wrist-worn and hip-worn activity monitors under free living conditions
Hargens, T. A., Deyarmin, K. N., Snyder, K. M., Mihalik, A. G., & Sharpe, L. E. (2017) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1080/03091902.2016.1271046 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Surveillance of Youth Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior with Wrist Accelerometry
Kim, Y., Hibbing, P., Saint-Maurice, P. F., Ellingson, L. D., Hennessy, E., Wolff-Hughes, D. L., Perna, F. M., & Welk, G. J. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bannell, D. J., France-Ratcliffe, M., Buckley, B. J. R., Crozier, A., Davies, A. P., Hesketh, K. L., Jones, H., Cocks, M., Sprung, V. S., & on behalf of the MOTIVATE Team (2023) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/20552076231183552 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mielke, G. I., de Almeida Mendes, M., Ekelund, U., Rowlands, A. V., Reichert, F. F., & Crochemore‐Silva, I. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14416 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Although we were unable to identify any significant methodological differences that could account for these disparities, the observed differences in the findings be-tween Hildebrand et al. (2014) and our study emphasize the importance of our and future studies in this area of research.”
ResultSelf-citationMigueles, J. H., Molina-Garcia, P., Torres-Lopez, L. V., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Rowlands, A. V., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Koch, E. D., Reif, A., & Ortega, F. B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09469-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cassidy, S., Trenell, M., Stefanetti, R. J., Charman, S. J., Barnes, A. C., Brosnahan, N., McCombie, L., Thom, G., Peters, C., Zhyzhneuskaya, S., et al. (2023) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Morris, A. S., Mackintosh, K. A., Dunstan, D., Owen, N., Dempsey, P., Pennington, T., & McNarry, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249300 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hesketh, K., Low, J., Andrews, R., Blitz, S., Buckley, B., Falkenhain, K., Job, J., Jones, C. A., Jones, H., Jung, M. E., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092260 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, L., Luo, Z., & Zhang, T. (2025) · BMC Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1186/s42490-025-00088-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Alruwaili, A., Nayeemullah, R., Engin, B., Malaikah, S., James, L., Sanders, J. P., Thivel, D., Thackray, A. E., Stensel, D. J., King, J. A., et al. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108194 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- HILDEBRAND, M., VAN HEES, V. T., HANSEN, B. H., & EKELUND, U.
- Affiliations
- MRC Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1816-1824
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2329483624
- Cited by
- 1,043
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 20.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/3)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- triaxial accelerometer, ActiGraph GT3X+, GENEActiv, accelerometer placement, energy expenditure estimation, regression equations, oxygen consumption, children, adults, activity intensity classification, intensity threshold, device comparability, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Child, Energy Metabolism, Female, Hip, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Oxygen Consumption, Regression Analysis, Wrist, Young Adult, Accelerometry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
