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Role of carnitine in disease
Open accessAbstract
Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that plays a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. Vegetarians possess a greater bioavailability than meat eaters. Distinct deficiencies arise either from genetic mutation of carnitine transporters or in association with other disorders such as liver or kidney disease. Carnitine deficiency occurs in aberrations of carnitine regulation in disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, cirrhosis, endocrine disorders and with aging. Nutritional supplementation of L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is ameliorative for uremic patients, and can improve nerve conduction, neuropathic pain and immune function in diabetes patients while it is life-saving for patients suffering primary carnitine deficiency. Clinical application of carnitine holds much promise in a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and other painful neuropathies. Topical application in dry eye offers osmoprotection and modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Carnitine has been recognized as a nutritional supplement in cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity, improving glucose intolerance and total energy expenditure.
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“The bioavailability of L-carnitine in vegetarians (who are adapted to low-carnitine diets) was higher than in carnivores (42); therefore, less carnitine reaches the bacteria of the lower intestine in vegetarians.”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Carnitine also can be synthesized endogenously from two essential amino acids, lysine and methionine (63).This occurs in kidney, liver, and brain (42).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Animal products like meat, fish, poultry, and milk (whey fraction) are highest in carnitine, whereas plants contain little carnitine (42).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Huo et al. and Dudzik et al. indicated that serum carnitine concentration was reduced in pregnancies with GDM, hence, carnitine deficiency may lead to impaired lipolysis (57–60).”
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“Acetylcarnitine is formed intracellularly during normal metabolic activity when L-carnitine is present (Flanagan et al. 2010).”
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“Longchain FA impermeable to mitochondrial membranes are transported by the carnitine shuttle [consisting of 3 enzymes: CPT1, CPT2, and carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (SLC25A20)] into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation and energy production (Flanagan et al., 2010; Schooneman et al., 2013; Violante et al., 2013…”
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“Metabolite profiling further revealed that MDD may inhibit FAO by reducing the availability of carnitine, thereby restricting transport of FAs into the mitochondrial matrix (45).”
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“L-Carnitine (LC) is an essential nutrient with essential roles in fatty acid metabolism and energy production (Flanagan et al. 2010).”
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“By this process, long chain fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria to induce β-oxidation and ATP production (Rebouche and Seim 1998; Flanagan et al. 2010).”
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“Studies have shown that supplementation of exogenous levocarnitine is beneficial in improving the energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes and thus protecting the myocardium [2].”
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“Carnitine improves immune function, blood sugar levels, neuropathic pain, and improves nerve regeneration (Flanagan et al. 2010).”
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“Carnitine deficiency and dysregulation have been reported in endocrine disorders such as diabetes [18] and may therefore contribute to the link between T2D and COVID-19 risk.”
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“Its ability to protect tissues against oxidative damage is well established (21).”
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Saraçlıgil, B., Öztürk, B., Ünlü, A., Abuşoğlu, S., & Tekin, G. (2017) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.4149/bll_2017_021 · Cited by 14
“Besides, carnitines play a vital role in energy production and fat acid mechanism and thanks to its useful effects, nutritional variation is under study (23).”
Gill, B. D., Indyk, H. E., Kobayashi, T., McGrail, I. J., & Woollard, D. C. (2020) · Journal of AOAC International · doi:10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa060 · Cited by 13
Effect of L‑carnitine on health‑related quality of life in patients with liver cirrhosis
Sato, S., Namisaki, T., Furukawa, M., Saikawa, S., Kawaratani, H., Kaji, K., Takaya, H., Shimozato, N., Sawada, Y., Kitagawa, K., et al. (2020) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2020.1372 · Cited by 13
“L‐carnitine increases carnitine palmi‐ toyl transferase activity, which reflects mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation resulting in increased acylcarnitine levels (33).”
BackgroundLiepinsh, E., Skapare, E., Vavers, E., Konrāde, I., Strēle, I., Grı̄nberga, S., Pugovičs, O., & Dambrova, M. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.010 · Cited by 13
Mitochondrial control of fuel switching via carnitine biosynthesis
Auger, C., Nishida, H., Yuan, B., Silva, G. M., Fujimoto, M., Li, M., Katoh, D., Wang, D., Granath-Panelo, M., Shin, J., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ady5532 · Cited by 13
“These data are in alignment with the model that carnitine is systematically derived from multiple organs ( 11, 12 ), and thus, tissue-specific deletion does not result in systemic carnitine deficiency.”
InfluentialEfficacy of L‐Carnitine for Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Weng, Y., Zhang, S., Huang, W., Xie, X., Ma, Z., & Fan, Q. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/9491615 · Cited by 13
“Meanwhile, Lcarnitine administration can improve three-year survival in DCM patients [9, 10].”
BackgroundAsthenic syndrome in general therapeutic practice
Sokolova, L. P., & Владимировна, С. Е. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202212204144 · Cited by 16
Ambrose, A., Sheehan, M., Bahl, S., Athey, T. B. T., Ghai-Jain, S., Chan, A., & Mercimek‐Andrews, S. (2022) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-022-02512-5 · Cited by 12
He, X., Barnett, L., Jeon, J., Zhang, Q., Alqahtani, S., Black, M. S., Shannahan, J. H., & Wright, C. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12010067 · Cited by 12
“Disruption in fatty acid, lipid, and carnitine metabolism is linked to pulmonary inflammation and diseases including COPD [66,67], fibrosis [59], hypertension [68], lung cancer [69], and a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease [70].”
BackgroundL-Carnitine activates calcium signaling in human osteoblasts
Ferraretto, A., Bottani, M., Villa, I., Giusto, L., Signo, M., Senesi, P., Montesano, A., Vacante, F., Luzi, L., Rubinacci, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.068 · Cited by 12
Arab, D., Doustmohammadi, H., & Zadeh, A. A. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13879 · Cited by 12
“As well, it plays a critical role in the stabilisation of cellular membranes (Flanagan et al., 2010; Lenzi et al., 2004).”
BackgroundEffects of L-carnitine supplementation in diets of broiler chickens
Azizi-Chekosari, M., BOUYE, Μ., & Seidavi, A. (2021) · Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society · doi:10.12681/jhvms.26744 · Cited by 12
“Lysine is the supplier of the carbon chain and the hydrogen atom and methionine also play a role as a methyl donor in this process (Flanagan et al., 2010).”
Backgrounddu Toit, W. L., Kruger, R., Gafane-Matemane, L. F., Schutte, A. E., Louw, R., & Mels, C. M. C. (2022) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003182 · Cited by 14
Badawy, M. M., Elsherbiny, M. M., Elshopakey, G. E., Elsayyad, A., El-Kattan, M., Hamama, M. G., Aldariweesh, F. H., & Fehaid, A. (2022) · Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1155/2022/7760594 · Cited by 14
“It promotes the β-oxidation of fatty acids and has a role in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids and the stabilization of cell membranes [24].”
BackgroundBiomedical role of L-carnitine in several organ systems, cellular tissues, and COVID-19
Al-Dhuayan, I. S. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Biology · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.267633 · Cited by 16
Zhao, L., Liu, H., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Xiu, M., & Li, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1255501 · Cited by 12
“Carnitine, biosynthesized from an amino acid, is present in nearly all cells of the body (Flanagan et al., 2010).”
BackgroundDelving noble metal and semiconductor nanomaterials into enantioselective analysis
Wen, Y., Li, Z., & Jiang, J. (2019) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2019.05.036 · Cited by 12
El-Kafoury, B. M. A., Ahmed, M. A., Hammouda, G. A., ElKady, A. H., & Lasheen, N. N. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14282 · Cited by 12
“However, the anti‐adiposity effects of l‐ Carnitine in fructose‐supplemented hyperuricemic rats could be attributed to its lipolytic and antioxidant effects according to Flanagan et al. (2010) and Derosa et al. (2011), in addition to eliciting more energy expenditure (Kim, Pan, Lee, & Kim, 2015).”
BackgroundEffect of levocarnitine administration in patients with chronic liver disease
Ohashi, K., Ishikawa, T., Hoshii, A., Hokari, T., Suzuki, M., Noguchi, H., Hirosawa, H., Koyama, F., Kobayashi, M., Hirosawa, S., et al. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9222 · Cited by 12
“Acylcarnitine is transported to the mitochondria and degraded by β‐oxidation (14,30).”
BackgroundTracing the Evolution of Human Gene Regulation and Its Association with Shifts in Environment
Colbran, L. L., Johnson, M. R., Mathieson, I., & Capra, J. A. (2021) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evab237 · Cited by 14
Abdulidha, N. A., Jaccob, A. A., & AL-Moziel, M. S. G. (2020) · Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13530-020-00061-7 · Cited by 10
Cadmium as a male reproductive toxicant and natural and non-natural ways to tackle it: a review
Wanjari, U. R., & Gopalakrishnan, A. V. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-32210-7 · Cited by 12
“It is a highly polar, non-protein amino acid; soluble in water; and broadly distributed in nature (Flanagan et al. 2010).”
Medehouenou, T. C. M., Roy, C., Tremblay, P.-Y., St-Jean, A., Meziou, S., Muckle, G., Ayotte, P., & Lucas, M. (2021) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2020.1858605 · Cited by 11
“that are used as complementary sources of energy in cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria [22].”
BackgroundL-carnitine: Searching for New Therapeutic Strategy for Sepsis Management
Sahebnasagh, A., Avan, R., Monajati, M., Hashemi, J., Habtemariam, S., Negintaji, S., & Saghafi, F. (2021) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867328666211117092345 · Cited by 12
Breed and Feeding System Impact the Bioactive Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bovine Milk
Salzano, A., Meo, M. C. D., D’Onofrio, N., Bifulco, G., Cotticelli, A., Licitra, F., Fuintino, A. I., Cascone, G., Balestrieri, M. L., Varricchio, E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911088 · Cited by 11
“Among healthy molecules, betaine and carnitine precursors are broadly present in ruminant meat and milk [9] and are both essential in human health [10] due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties [11–15].”
BackgroundChisty, T. T. E., Sarif, S., Jahan, I., Ismail, I. N., Chowdhury, F. I., Siddiqua, S., Yasmin, T., Islam, M. N., Khan, F., Subhan, N., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25057 · Cited by 11
“L-CAR depletion may develop pathogenesis such as skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy [20].”
BackgroundSadri, H., Ghaffari, M. H., Sauerwein, H., Schuchardt, S., Martín‐Tereso, J., Doelman, J., & Daniel, J. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-25324 · Cited by 11
Unveiling the Anti-Aging Potential of Marine Natural Bioproducts
Rosic, N. N. (2025) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md23040165 · Cited by 11
“Carnitine is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesised in the human body from other essential amino acids (e.g., lysine and methionine), and it also needs sufficient levels of vitamins and trace elements as co-factors (e.g., ascorbic acid—vitamin C, ferrous iron, and niacin—vitamin B) [79].”
Baghban, F., Hosseinzadeh, M., Mozaffari–Khosravi, H., Dehghan, A. M., & Fallahzadeh, H. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04059-1 · Cited by 11
Systemic Primary Carnitine Deficiency
El‐Hattab, A. W. (2016) · University of Washington, Seattle eBooks · Cited by 11
Fatigue and carnitine levels over multiple cycles of chemotherapy in children and adolescents
Hooke, M. C., McCarthy, K. D., Taylor, O. A., & Hockenberry, M. J. (2014) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2014.07.015 · Cited by 11
Improvement of Endurance of DMD Animal Model Using Natural Polyphenols
Sitzia, C., Farini, A., Colleoni, F., Fortunato, F., Razini, P., Erratico, S., Tavelli, A., Fabrizi, F., Belicchi, M., Meregalli, M., et al. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/680615 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, carnitine held much promise in neural disorders, allowing osmoprotection and modulating immune and inflammatory responses [32].”
BackgroundPrimary Carnitine Deficiency – A Rare Treatable Cause of Cardiomyopathy and Massive Hepatomegaly
Deswal, S., Bijarnia‐Mahay, S., Manocha, V., Hara, K., Shigematsu, Y., Saxena, R., & Verma, I. C. (2016) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2227-7 · Cited by 11
“acidemias; fatty acid oxidation defects and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiencies [6].”
BackgroundThe effects of L-carnitine supplementation in athletic performance
Oliveíra, C., & Sousa, M. (2018) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2018.09.005 · Cited by 11
Hagedorn, J. M., Gunn, J., Budwany, R. R., D'Souza, R. S., Chakravarthy, K. V., & Deer, T. R. (2021) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s311974 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Flanagan, J. L., Simmons, P. A., Vehige, J., Willcox, M. D., & Garrett, Q.
- Affiliations
- Brien Holden Vision Institute (AU)
- Allergan (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flanagan, Judith L
- Venue
- Nutrition & Metabolism
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30
- ISSN
- 1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2861661
- OpenAlex
- W2084023408
- Cited by
- 611
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Allergan
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- L-carnitine, carnitine deficiency, carnitine transporter, fatty acid metabolism, energy production, carnitine supplementation, primary carnitine deficiency, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, aging, uremia, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy, dry eye, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease
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