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Role of carnitine in disease
Open accessAbstract
Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that plays a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. Vegetarians possess a greater bioavailability than meat eaters. Distinct deficiencies arise either from genetic mutation of carnitine transporters or in association with other disorders such as liver or kidney disease. Carnitine deficiency occurs in aberrations of carnitine regulation in disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, cirrhosis, endocrine disorders and with aging. Nutritional supplementation of L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is ameliorative for uremic patients, and can improve nerve conduction, neuropathic pain and immune function in diabetes patients while it is life-saving for patients suffering primary carnitine deficiency. Clinical application of carnitine holds much promise in a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and other painful neuropathies. Topical application in dry eye offers osmoprotection and modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Carnitine has been recognized as a nutritional supplement in cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity, improving glucose intolerance and total energy expenditure.
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“The bioavailability of L-carnitine in vegetarians (who are adapted to low-carnitine diets) was higher than in carnivores (42); therefore, less carnitine reaches the bacteria of the lower intestine in vegetarians.”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Carnitine also can be synthesized endogenously from two essential amino acids, lysine and methionine (63).This occurs in kidney, liver, and brain (42).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Animal products like meat, fish, poultry, and milk (whey fraction) are highest in carnitine, whereas plants contain little carnitine (42).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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Additional file 1 of Comparison of canine colostrum and milk using a multi-omics approach
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Additional file 1 of Vegetarian diet duration’s influence on women’s gut environment
Deng, X., Si, J., Qu, Y., Jie, L., He, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16726780
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İnci, A., Olgaç, A., Derin, B. G., Biberoğlu, G., Okur, İ., Ezgü, F. S., & Tümer, L. (2021) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
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Kawakubo‐Yasukochi, T., Hayashi, Y., Tan, K., Kinoshita, K., Maki, K., Michael, N., Sadananthan, S. A., Yap, F. K. P., Lai, J. S., Yoshimoto, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113161
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“Carnitine, a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids, is crucial for transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for β -oxidation, thereby providing energy for highly metabolically active ocular tissues such as photoreceptors [25,26].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flanagan, J. L., Simmons, P. A., Vehige, J., Willcox, M. D., & Garrett, Q.
- Affiliations
- Brien Holden Vision Institute (AU)
- Allergan (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flanagan, Judith L
- Venue
- Nutrition & Metabolism
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30
- ISSN
- 1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2861661
- OpenAlex
- W2084023408
- Cited by
- 611
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Allergan
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- L-carnitine, carnitine deficiency, carnitine transporter, fatty acid metabolism, energy production, carnitine supplementation, primary carnitine deficiency, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, aging, uremia, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy, dry eye, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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