Cited by 613Metabolism and Genetic DisordersClinical Nutrition and GastroenterologyMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Role of carnitine in disease

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Flanagan, Judith L, Simmons, Peter A, Vehige, Joseph, Willcox, Mark DP, Garrett, Qian·2010·Nutrition & Metabolism

DOI 10.1186/1743-7075-7-30PMC PMC2861661

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Abstract

Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that plays a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. Vegetarians possess a greater bioavailability than meat eaters. Distinct deficiencies arise either from genetic mutation of carnitine transporters or in association with other disorders such as liver or kidney disease. Carnitine deficiency occurs in aberrations of carnitine regulation in disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, cirrhosis, endocrine disorders and with aging. Nutritional supplementation of L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is ameliorative for uremic patients, and can improve nerve conduction, neuropathic pain and immune function in diabetes patients while it is life-saving for patients suffering primary carnitine deficiency. Clinical application of carnitine holds much promise in a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and other painful neuropathies. Topical application in dry eye offers osmoprotection and modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Carnitine has been recognized as a nutritional supplement in cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity, improving glucose intolerance and total energy expenditure.

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Figure 1 Carnitine biosynthesis and metabolism.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Carnitine is actively transported via OCTN2 into the cytosol to participate in the shuttling of activated long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria where β-oxidation takes place. Carnitine also regulates the Coenzyme A (CoA)/acylCoA ratio within the mitochondria, modulation of which reduces accumulation of toxic acyl-CoA compounds and maintains energy production.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Result
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Background
Combined Metabolic Activators Improves Cognitive Functions in Alzheimer's DiseasePreprint
Yuluğ, B., Altay, Ö., Li, X., Hanoğlu, L., Çankaya, Ş., Lam, S. C. C., Yang, H., Coşkun, E., İdil, E., Nogaylar, R., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3924201 · Cited by 7
αKG-mediated carnitine synthesis promotes homologous recombination via histone acetylationPreprint
Uboveja, A., Huang, Z., Buj, R., Amalric, A., Wang, H., Tangudu, N. K., Cole, A. R., Megill, E., Kantner, D. S., Chatoff, A. G., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.578742 · Cited by 7
Integrated plasma metabolomics and lipidomics profiling highlight distinctive signatures with hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Wang, G., Ye, X., Lu, T., Yang, Y., Sun, B., & Xiao, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07905-7 · Cited by 7
“As a key cofactor in fatty acid metabolism, Carnitine is integral to energy metabolism and fatty acid oxidation 24 .”
Awareness and best practices in using ketogenic therapy to treat serious mental illness: a modified Delphi consensus
Ede, G., Bernstein, M., Calabrese, L. V., Campbell, I. H., Laurent, N., Palmer, C. M., Sethi, S., & Zupec‐Kania, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1749406 · Cited by 6
Left ventricular diastolic abnormalities in vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians
Varadarajan, P., Pai, R. G., Fraser, G. E., Abramov, D., Jabo, B., Mashchak, A., Herring, P., Burton, B. K., Sveen, L. E., & Knutsen, S. F. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003348 · Cited by 6
“Plasma L-carnitine (present in meat) and its derivatives may be related to development and progression of chronic HF(34,35,41,42).”
Background
Haemophilus ducreyi Infection Induces Oxidative Stress, Central Metabolic Changes, and a Mixed Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Environment in the Human Host
Brothwell, J. A., Fortney, K. R., Gao, H., Wilson, L. S., Andrews, C. F., Tran, T. M., Hu, X. Y., Batteiger, T. A., Barnes, S., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03125-22 · Cited by 6
“ELOVL2 was negatively correlated with lysine, which in addition to roles in protein synthesis is used to produce carnitine to aid in fatty acid transport into and out of the mitochondria for b-oxidation (58).”
Background
Precision Neuronutrition: Personalized Approaches for Optimizing Brain Health
Novikov, V. N., Badaeva, A. V., Danilov, A. B., & Vorobyeva, Y. D. (2023) · International Electronic Conference on Nutrients (IECN) · doi:10.3390/iecn2023-15524 · Cited by 6
“…hypotension, burning Neurological manifestations of carnitine deficiency include hypotension, burning pain, decreased endurance, sensory impairment, developmental delay, rigidity and myopathy [57,58]. pain, decreased endurance, sensory impairment, developmental delay, rigidity and myopathy [57,58].”
Background
Comparison of canine colostrum and milk using a multi-omics approach
Cohen, A., Turjeman, S. C., Levin, R., Tal, S., & Koren, O. (2024) · Animal Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s42523-024-00309-4 · Cited by 6
“Carnitine is an essential nutrient, and it plays a key role in fatty acid metabolism and cellular energy production [57, 58].”
Background
Research progress on nutritional support in the neonatal and pediatric populations receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Zhang, H., Zhao, L., & Jia, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1370286 · Cited by 7
“The remaining carnitine can be synthesized endogenously in the liver, so older children are less prone to carnitine deficiency compared with neonates or premature infants (24).”
Background
Disturbed carnitine metabolism is independently correlated with sarcopenia and prognosis in patients on hemodialysis
Dai, N., Diao, Z., Huang, H., Li, Z., Yang, R., & Liu, W. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.019 · Cited by 6
Sex-Specific Dysregulation of Placental Lipid Metabolism in Preeclampsia
Mishra, J. S., Zhao, H., Zheng, J. J., & Kumar, S. (2024) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Research · doi:10.26502/ogr0159 · Cited by 6
“This process is regulated by the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)1, a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the synthesis of acylcarnitines, a key regulator of β-oxidation rates [21, 22].”
Background
Longitudinal characterization of the metabolome of dairy cows transitioning from one lactation to the next: Investigations in fecal samples
Ghaffari, M. H., Sauerwein, H., Sadri, H., Schuchardt, S., Martín‐Tereso, J., Doelman, J., & Daniel, J. (2025) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2025-26273 · Cited by 6
Study of Carnitine/Acylcarnitine and Amino Acid Profile in Children and Adults With Acute Liver Failure
Sood, V., Rawat, D., Khanna, R., Sharma, S., Gupta, P. K., Alam, S., & Sarin, S. K. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001510 · Cited by 6
Potential effects of natural dietary compounds on trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) formation and TMAO-induced atherosclerosis
Chen, P., Ho, C., Shahidi, F., & Pan, M. (2018) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2018.3151 · Cited by 6
Carnitine analysis in pterygium
Sağlık, A., Koyuncu, İ., Yalçın, H., Adıbelli, F. M., Gönel, A., & Toptan, M. (2020) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20200001 · Cited by 6
“While 99% of carnitines are within the cell, levels of FC and AC in the blood circulation are demonstrated in the homeostasis of the whole organism(12).”
Background
Metabolic Profiling Reveals Changes in Serum Predictive of Venous Ulcer Healing
Bergner, R., Onida, S., Velineni, R., Spagou, K., Gohel, M., Bouschbacher, M., Bohbot, S., Shalhoub, J., Holmes, E. C., & Davies, A. H. (2021) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004933 · Cited by 7
“5024 Ulcer area, cm3, (SD) 27 (38) 65 (50) 0.”
Muscle metabolome and adipose tissue mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in over-conditioned dairy cows differing in serum-metabotype
Sadri, H., Ghaffari, M. H., Schuh, K., Koch, C., & Sauerwein, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90577-w · Cited by 6
Carnitine deficiency presenting with a decreased mental state in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis receiving long-term tube feeding: a case report
Isse, N., Miura, Y., Obata, T., & Takahara, N. (2013) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/1752-1947-7-286 · Cited by 6
“Normally, more than 95% of the body’s total carnitine content would be stored in skeletal muscle [6,7].”
Background
Rising trend of diabetes mellitus amongst the undernourished: State -of- the -art review
Francis, N. K., Pawar, H. S., Mitra, A., & Mitra, A. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2016.12.027 · Cited by 6
Importance of Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease
Chisnall, M. A. W., & Macknight, R. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74057-7_19 · Cited by 6
Severe hyperammonaemic encephalopathy resulting from the overlap between hepatic and valproate encephalopathy
Firouzabadi, L. I., Geer, K., & Mead, P. (2018) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-136029 · Cited by 6
Do renal and cardiac malformations in the fetus signal carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency? A rare lethal fatty acid oxidation defect
Tan, Y. Y., Fong, W. Y. N., Chan, C. J., & Chandran, S. (2022) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2022-251321 · Cited by 6
An alternative source of medicines: pharmaceutical utilization of animal-derived metabolites
Renda, G. (2025) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-025-10086-w · Cited by 5
“Research has demonstrated its efﬁcacy in improving conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, and immune system function (Al-Dhuayan 2023; Calvani et al. 2000; Flanagan et al. 2010).”
Comprehensive Review of L-Lysine: Chemistry, Occurrence, and Physiological Roles
Hashim, M., Alam, I., Ahmad, M., Badruddeen, B., Akhtar, J., Khan, M. I., Islam, A., & Parveen, S. (2025) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/0113892037381647250526073248 · Cited by 5
Serum metabolome analysis in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioactive iodine therapy
Bechtold, M. A., Lin, Y.-M. J., Miller, M. L., Prieto, J. M., Frederick, C. E., Bennett, L. L., Peterson, M. E., Simpson, K. W., & Loftus, J. P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305271 · Cited by 5
Instationary metabolic flux analysis reveals that NPC1 inhibition increases glycolysis and decreases mitochondrial metabolism in brain microvascular endothelial cells
Moiz, B., Walls, M., Vargas, V. A., Addepall, A., Weber, C. M., Li, A., Sriram, G., & Clyne, A. M. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106769 · Cited by 5
“Carnitines are important to mitochondrial function as they are involved in fatty acid oxidation (Flanagan et al., 2010).”
Veterinary medical care in rodent models of stroke: Pitfalls and refinements to balance quality of science and animal welfare
Gargiulo, S., Albanese, S., Megna, R., Gramanzini, M., Marsella, G., & Vecchiarelli, L. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.01.044 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, several studies have suggested that L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine are also involved in neuronal metabolism and may play a neuroprotective role in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (Wainwright et al., 2006; Zanelli et al., 2005; Flanagan et al., 2010).”
Illustrate the metabolic regulatory effects of Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharides on cognitive dysfunction in formaldehyde-exposed mouse brain by mass spectrometry imaging
Wang, W., Sun, Y., Cao, R., Luo, W., Beng, S., Zhang, J., Wang, X., & Peng, C. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118060 · Cited by 5
PENGARUH SUPLEMENTASI MINYAK IKAN DAN L-KARNITIN DALAM PAKAN JAGUNG KUNING TERFERMENTASI TERHADAP KECERNAAN PAKAN DAN PERFORMA PUYUH (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Sani, S. W., Heswantari, S. R., Sudibya, S., Purnomo, S. H., & Hanifa, A. (2015) · Buletin Peternakan · doi:10.21059/buletinpeternak.v39i1.6156 · Cited by 5
Cell Protection by Oxidative Stress Mitigation Using Substances with Bioactive Properties
Požgajová, M., Klongová, L., Kovár, M., & Navrátilová, A. (2024) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1004522 · Cited by 6
Fish Oil Emulsions in the Management of Intestinal Failure-associated Liver Disease
Mercer, D. F. F. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e318261836d · Cited by 5
Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Young Cancer Patients: The Role of Carnitine
Armenian, S. H. (2016) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000448322 · Cited by 5
Effects of carnitine supplementation on liver aminotransferase enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
Rad, E. Y., Eslampour, E., Falahi, E., Mardani, M., Hekmatdoost, A., Asbaghi, O., & Saboori, S. (2019) · Indian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s12664-019-00983-2 · Cited by 5
Role of carnitine in regulation of blood pressure (MAP/SBP) and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers (α/β‐MHC) during insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia: Role of oxidative stress
Alanazi, W. A., Al-Harbi, N. O., Imam, F., Ansari, M. A., Alhoshani, A., Alasmari, A. F., Alasmari, F. F., Alanazi, M. M., & Ali, N. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13455 · Cited by 5
A UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Study on the Effect of Corallodiscus flabellatus (Craib) B. L. Burtt Extract on Alzheimer’s Disease
Wang, Y., Zhou, N., Si, Y., Bai, Z., Li, M., Feng, W., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/8868690 · Cited by 5
“Because it is involved in cholinergic neurotransmission, its important property is neuroprotective, and it neutralizes the brain damage induced by oxidative stress [57].”
Background
CARNITINE INSUFFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION
Kinugasa, Y., Sugihara, S., Yamada, K., Miyagi, M., MATSUBARA, K., Kato, M., & Yamamoto, K. (2016) · Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle · doi:10.14283/jarcp.2016.116 · Cited by 5
Plasma linoelaidyl carnitine levels positively correlated with symptom improvement in olanzapine-treated first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia
Wang, X., Xiu, M., Wang, K., Su, X., Li, X., & Wu, F. (2022) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-022-01909-4 · Cited by 5
“Carnitine (3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate, C7H15NO3) is an essential dietary amino acid obtained from animal products such as meat, fish and milk, or is biosynthesized from l-lysine and l-methionine (Flanagan et al., 2010).”
Background
The Potential Inhibitory Role of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Proliferation, Migration, and Gene Expression in HepG2 and HT29 Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines
Albogami, S. M. (2023) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb45030155 · Cited by 5
Using urinary metabolomics to identify metabolic pathways linked to cardiac structural alterations in young adults: The African-PREDICT study
du Toit, W. L., Kruger, R., Gafane-Matemane, L. F., Schutte, A. E., Louw, R., & Mels, C. M. C. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.010 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of the cardioprotective effect of l-carnitine and silymarin in cancer patients receiving anthracycline-containing chemotherapy
Zalat, Z., Elewa, H., Abdel-Latif, M., El‐Din, M. A. A., & Kohaf, N. A. E. M. (2020) · Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research/Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research · doi:10.21608/jbaar.2020.119755 · Cited by 5
Neonatal carnitine concentrations in relation to gestational age and weight
Crefcoeur, L. L., der Velden, M. G. M. D. S., Ferdinandusse, S., Langeveld, M., Maase, R. E., Vaz, F. M., Visser, G., Wanders, R. J. A., Wijburg, F. A., Verschoof‐Puite, R. K., et al. (2020) · JIMD Reports · doi:10.1002/jmd2.12162 · Cited by 5
Vegetarian diet duration’s influence on women’s gut environment
Deng, X., Si, J., Qu, Y., Li, J., He, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-021-00697-1 · Cited by 6
L‐Carnitine
Rebouche, C. J. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781119946045.ch25 · Cited by 5
Role of L-carnitine in exercise training: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic interactions
Aminizadeh, S., Zarezadehmehrizi, A., Deh-Ahmadi, M. A., & Shahouzehi, B. (2025) · Advances in Redox Research · doi:10.1016/j.arres.2025.100149 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of Serum Level of Carnitine in HIV-Positive Individuals and its Possible Explanatory Factors
Salamzadeh, J., Rezaee, H., Khalili, H., Jafari, S., & Abdollahi, A. (2012) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl.12.93 · Cited by 4
QT Prolongation in Dialysis Patients: An Epidemiological Study with a Focus on Malnutrition
Shibata, M., Ito, I., Tawada, H., & Taniguchí, S. (2021) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000512961 · Cited by 4
Development of a highly sensitive Prussian-blue-based enzymatic biosensor for l-carnitine employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction
Tango, R., Koeda, A., Nagamine, K., Tokito, S., Niwa, O., Ishikawa, S., & Sugimoto, M. (2022) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44211-022-00122-6 · Cited by 4
Free carnitine concentrations and biochemical parameters in medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: Genotype–phenotype correlation
Weiß, K. J., Berger, U., Haider, M., Wagner, M., Märtner, E. M. C., Regenauer‐Vandewiele, S., Lotz-Havla, A. S., Schuhmann, E., Röschinger, W., & Maier, E. M. (2023) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.14316 · Cited by 4
“Accordingly, secondary carnitine deficiency (SCD) is frequently encountered in inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) which are characterized by an accumulation of acylcarnitines such as glutaric acidemia type 1, isovaleric acidemia, and methylmalonic aciduria.(12,13) In most of these disorders, carnitine is regularly admi…”
Background

Authors: Flanagan, J. L., Simmons, P. A., Vehige, J., Willcox, M. D., & Garrett, Q.
Affiliations: Brien Holden Vision Institute (AU)
Allergan (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Flanagan, Judith L
ORCID: Flanagan, Judith L
Willcox, Mark DP
Garrett, Qian
Venue: Nutrition & Metabolism
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 30
ISSN: 1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-30
PMC: PMC2861661
OpenAlex: W2084023408
Cited by: 611
References: 176
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 9.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Allergan
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: L-carnitine, carnitine deficiency, carnitine transporter, fatty acid metabolism, energy production, carnitine supplementation, primary carnitine deficiency, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, aging, uremia, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy, dry eye, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease

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