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Cited by 238Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersSports Performance and Training

Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein

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Hulmi, Juha J, Lockwood, Christopher M, Stout, Jeffrey R·2010·Nutrition & Metabolism
DOI 10.1186/1743-7075-7-51PMC PMC2901380
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Abstract

Regardless of age or gender, resistance training or provision of adequate amounts of dietary protein (PRO) or essential amino acids (EAA) can increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in healthy adults. Combined PRO or EAA ingestion proximal to resistance training, however, can augment the post-exercise MPS response and has been shown to elicit a greater anabolic effect than exercise plus carbohydrate. Unfortunately, chronic/adaptive response data comparing the effects of different protein sources is limited. A growing body of evidence does, however, suggest that dairy PRO, and whey in particular may: 1) stimulate the greatest rise in MPS, 2) result in greater muscle cross-sectional area when combined with chronic resistance training, and 3) at least in younger individuals, enhance exercise recovery. Therefore, this review will focus on whey protein supplementation and its effects on skeletal muscle mass when combined with heavy resistance training.

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  • Narrative reviews and meta-analyses yield conflicting results as to the effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.

    “Despite a large volume of work in this area, narrative reviews1–5 and even meta-analyses6–12 yield conflicting results as to the actual effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.”

    From A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults (2018) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Review section (page unavailable) says most human studies suggest protein or essential amino acid intake enhances hypertrophy with resistance training. The protein-source section (page unavailable) describes studies with differing results for muscle mass, supporting some uncertainty. It does not establish conflicting meta-analytic findings or address conflicting results for strength gains. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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References 130 · Cited by 238

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Authors
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R.
Affiliations
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • University of Oklahoma (US)
Corresponding author
Hulmi, Juha J
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition & Metabolism
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
51
ISSN
1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
PMC
PMC2901380
OpenAlex
W2134243457
Cited by
238
References
130
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 12
FWCI
5.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
whey protein, resistance training, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, muscle protein synthesis, essential amino acids, dietary protein, milk protein, muscle cross-sectional area, post-exercise recovery, protein supplementation

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