The leucine content of a complete meal directs peak activation but not duration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in rats
Open accessAbstract
This study examined the impact of leucine (Leu) derived from complete meals on stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Expt. 1 examined time course changes in translation initiation and MPS after a meal. Male rats ( approximately 300 g) were trained for 5 d to eat 3 meals/d providing 20, 50, and 30% of energy from whey protein, carbohydrates, and fats, respectively. Plasma and skeletal muscle were collected at time 0 (baseline) after 12 h of food deprivation and then at 45, 90, 135, 180, and 300 min after a 4-g meal. Plasma Leu increased at 45 min and remained elevated through 180 min. MPS peaked at 45-90 min and returned to baseline by 180 min. Plasma Leu correlated with phosphorylation of ribosomal protein p70 S6 kinase (r = 0.723; P < 0.05), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (r = 0.773; P < 0.05), and MPS (r = 0.608; P < 0.05) over time. Expt. 2 examined 3 levels of protein intake (10, 20, and 30% of energy) from 2 sources (wheat and whey) with different Leu contents ( approximately 6.8 and approximately 10.9%, respectively) on stimulation of initiation and MPS. Rats were trained to eat 3 meals/d providing 14, 56, and 30% of energy from protein, carbohydrates, and fats. On d 6, MPS was evaluated at 90 min after rats consumed 1 of the 6 test meals. Whey protein stimulated initiation and MPS more than wheat and the differential response related to greater plasma Leu responses in the whey groups. These studies demonstrate that peak activation but not duration of MPS is proportional to the Leu content of a meal.
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Leucine has been demonstrated to independently stimulate protein synthesis.
“Even though leucine has been demonstrated to independently stimulate protein synthesis”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [158]
Multiple human studies have supported the contention that leucine drives protein synthesis.
“Multiple human studies have supported the contention that leucine drives protein synthesis [158, 159].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [158]
Leucine is considered the key amino acid for activating the molecular signaling cascade that underpins the postprandial increase in MPS.
“Leucine is considered the key amino acid for activating the molecular signaling cascade that underpins the postprandial increase in MPS [96].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Norton, L. E., Layman, D. K., Bunpo, P., Anthony, T. G., Brana, D. V., & Garlick, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Norton, Layne E.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1103-1109
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2111667895
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- leucine, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, translation initiation, p70 S6 kinase, eIF4E-binding protein 1, whey protein, wheat proteins, protein intake, plasma leucine, meal timing, food deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Animals, Diet, Food Deprivation, Gene Expression Regulation, Leucine, Male, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinases, Triticum, Signal Transduction, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Muscle, Skeletal, Rats, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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