Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men
Open accessAbstract
Background Considerable discrepancy exists in the literature on the proposed benefits of protein supplementation on the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training in the elderly.Objective The objective was to assess the benefits of timed protein supplementation on the increase in muscle mass and strength during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein.Design Healthy elderly men (n = 26) aged 72 +/- 2 y were randomly assigned to a progressive, 12-wk resistance-type exercise training program with (protein group) or without (placebo group) protein provided before and immediately after each exercise session (3 sessions/wk, 20 g protein/session). One-repetition maximum (1RM) tests were performed regularly to ensure a progressive workload during the intervention. Muscle hypertrophy was assessed at the whole-body (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), limb (computed tomography), and muscle fiber (biopsy) level.Results The 1RM strength increased approximately 25-35% in both groups (P < 0.001). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scans showed similar increases in leg muscle mass (6 +/- 1% in both groups; P < 0.001) and in the quadriceps (9 +/- 1% in both groups), from 75.9 +/- 3.7 and 73.8 +/- 3.2 to 82.4 +/- 3.9 and 80.0 +/- 3.0 cm2 in the placebo and protein groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Muscle fiber hypertrophy was greater in type II (placebo: 28 +/- 6%; protein: 29 +/- 4%) than in type I (placebo: 5 +/- 4%; protein: 13 +/- 6%) fibers, but the difference between groups was not significant.Conclusion Timed protein supplementation immediately before and after exercise does not further augment the increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength after prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00744094.
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Seven of the 17 reviewed studies showed no greater muscular benefits of a higher protein intake compared to control.
“However, seven studies [18-20,22-25] meeting inclusion criteria showed no greater muscular benefits of a higher protein intake compared to control.”
From Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
Those studies that did not support additional benefits of greater protein still showed that higher protein was as good as an alternative diet.
“Those studies that did not support additional benefits of greater protein still showed that higher protein was as good as an alternative diet [18-20,22-25].”
From Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
Rankin et al. found that untrained participants consuming 1.3 g/kg/day protein via increased milk increased habitual protein intake by only 8.33%, and ten weeks of resistance training led to similar strength and body composition improvements in both groups.
“The 1.3 g/kg/day group followed an intervention of increased milk intake, yet only increased their habitual protein intake by 8.33%. Ten weeks of resistance training led to similar strength and body composition improvements in both groups [19].”
From Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Verdijk, L. B., Jonkers, R. A., Gleeson, B. G., Beelen, M., Meijer, K., Savelberg, H. H., Wodzig, W. K., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Verdijk, Lex B
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 608-616
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171401382
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- protein supplementation, resistance training, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, older men, muscle strength, muscle mass, muscle fiber hypertrophy, fast-twitch muscle, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Hypertrophy, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritional Status, Time Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Weight Lifting, Absorptiometry, Photon, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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