Thelazia callipaeda: infection in dogs: a new parasite for Spain
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), eyeworms, are known as the causative agents of thelaziosis, initially described in Asia and, later on, over the last decade, also in some European countries (e.g., Italy, France, Germany and Switzerland). In June 2010, the first case of canine thelaziosis was observed in central western Spain (La Vera region, Cáceres) and subsequent epidemiological investigation is reported in the present study. RESULTS: This study describes the first autochthonous cases of infection by T. callipaeda in dogs from central western Spain where the first case of eyeworm infection was reported.A total of 456 dogs was examined in this geographical area. Thelazia callipaeda eyeworms were observed in 182 (39.9%) animals, of which 28 showed apparent clinical signs (i.e., conjunctivitis, oedema, epiphora and petechiae). A total of 762 adult nematodes (214 males, 548 females; mean infection rate of 4.18; SD 4.74) were collected with cotton swabs or by flushing of the conjunctival sac of infected animals using physiological saline solution. Nematodes were identified as T. callipaeda according to the morphological keys and molecular analysis of sequences of a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) gene. The sequences were identical to those representing T. callipaeda haplotype 1, previously reported in Europe. CONCLUSIONS: The high infection rate of canine thelaziosis herein reported suggests that practitioners should include this eye infection amongst differential diagnoses of ocular diseases in dogs from this area of Spain or those moving across this area of Spain. Based on the high infection prevalence recorded, the potential public health risk to humans from this region is also discussed.
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Based on the GARP model, the number of reports of Thelazia callipaeda infestation may be expected to increase over the next years in areas where it is now considered non-endemic.
“Based on this model, the number of reports of T. callipaeda infestation may be expected to increase over the next years in areas where it is now considered as non-endemic.”
From Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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Unterköfler, M. S., Dengg, P., Niederbacher, M., Lindorfer, S., Eberle, A., Huck, A., Staufer, K., Zittra, C., Wortha, L. N., Hodžić, A., et al. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05913-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationQuestionnaire-based survey on distribution of canine ocular thelaziosis in southwestern France
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González, M. A., Bravo‐Barriga, D., Alarcón‐Elbal, P. M., Álvarez, J. M., Quero, C., Ferraguti, M., & López, S. (2021) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1093/jme/tjab171 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cercopithifilaria species in dogs and ticks from Greece
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Self-citationJirků, M., Kuchta, R., Gricaj, E., Modrý, D., & Jirků‐Pomajbíková, K. (2020) · Folia Parasitologica · doi:10.14411/fp.2020.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
FIRST OCCURENCE OF Thelazia callipaeda IN FOXES (Vulpes vulpes L.) IN SERBIA
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Epidemiology of Ocular Thelaziosis in Domestic Dogs in Beijing
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Canine Ocular Thelaziosis in Slovakia a Case Report
Balická, A., Lapšanská, M., Halán, M., & Trbolova, A. (2018) · Folia veterinaria · doi:10.2478/fv-2018-0035 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ophthalmology of Ursidae: Bears
Hartley, C., & Oliveira, R. P. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81273-7_12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thelazia Callipaeda and Eye Infections
Otašević, S., Trenkić-Božinović, M., Tasić, A., & Petrović, A. (2013) · AFMN Biomedicine · doi:10.2478/afmnai-2014-0021 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ocular thelaziosis: an emerging human parasitosis in Europe
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ZOONOTIC HELMINTHOSIS OF DOMESTIC AND WILD CARNIVORES IN THE EPIZOOTIOLOGIC TERRITORY OF SERBIA
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Vector‐Borne Parasitic Zoonotic Infections in Humans
Otranto, D., & Dantas‐Torres, F. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118644843.ch26 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical and parasitological significance of thelaziosis in dogs and cats
Hadži-Milić, M., Lesevic, A., Krivokuca, P., Jovanović, N. M., & Ilić, T. (2025) · Veterinarski glasnik · doi:10.2298/vetgl240917003h · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kedi ve Köpeklerde Göz Hastalıkları
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Eye to eye with Thelazia-infected canids in Central European forests
Nagy, E., Nagy, R. R., Miklós, M., Szekeres, S., Abdalrahman, B. M., Földvári, G., Rózsa, L., Fok, É., Sréter, T., Tari, T., et al. (2026) · Current Research in Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2026.100353 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Okuläre Thelaziose bei einem Hund in Deutschland – ein autochthoner Fall?
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Canine ocular thelaziosis: first report in Andhra Pradesh
Sivajothi, S., Reddy, B. S., & Swetha, K. T. (2023) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-023-01597-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eyes in the wild: Thelazia callipaeda in wild carnivores of Croatia
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Self-citationMartins, A. L., Stevens, L., Kieninger, M. R., collective, T. O. L. C. I., Mourão, J., Amorim, I., Mesquita, J. R., & Blaxter, M. (2025) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24942.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Taweethavonsawat, P., Tramas, N., Narapakdeesakul, D., Asawakarn, S., & Beugnet, F. (2026) · Parasite · doi:10.1051/parasite/2026032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Otranto, D., & Dantas‐Torres, F. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13884-8_29 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda Railliet et Henry, 1910 (literature review)
Глазунова, Л. А., & Glazunov, Y. V. (2023) · Russian Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.31016/1998-8435-2023-17-2-214-223 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gabernet, A. C. (2014) · Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)
İki Köpekte Zoonotik Oküler Thelaziosis İnfeksiyonu ve Tedavisi
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Case Report: Zoonotic Ocular Thelaziosis Infection in Two Dogs and Treatment
DEMİR, A., KARAGÖZOĞLU, G. S., PEHLİVAN, Ş., & Kaymaz, A. A. (2021) · Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.32707/ercivet.953210
Miscellaneous Nematode Infections
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Lacrifagia: una nueva forma de trasmisión de enfermedades parasitarias
Martín-Moro, J. G., Altares-Mateos, V. J., & Zarallo-Gallardo, J. (2024) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología · doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2024.11.001
Lachryphagy: A new form of transmission of parasitic diseases
Martín-Moro, J. G., Altares-Mateos, V. J., & Zarallo-Gallardo, J. (2025) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.oftale.2025.01.004
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Self-citationA case of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in a dog from Karnataka – First report
Divakar, S., Dhanalakshmi, H., & Bedre, S. (2024) · Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.5958/0974-0813.2024.00010.7
Human thelaziosis in northeastern Spain: evidence of local transmission
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Emerging Eyeworm Infections Caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Companion Animals in North America
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Kedi ve Köpeklerin Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları
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First report of canine thelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Bhutan
Tshering, R., Wangchuk, K., & Otranto, D. (2026) · Current Research in Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2026.100450
Self-citation
- Authors
- Miró, G., Montoya, A., Hernández, L., Dado, D., Vázquez, M. V., Benito, M., Villagrasa, M., Brianti, E., & Otranto, D.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- University of Messina (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Miró, Guadalupe
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2011-07-27
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 148-148
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3158752
- OpenAlex
- W2133263904
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Keywords
- Thelazia callipaeda, dogs, autochthonous infection, infection prevalence, conjunctivitis, cox1 gene, public health risk, Spain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electron Transport Complex IV, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Male, Microscopy, Spain, Thelazioidea, Helminth Proteins, Prevalence, Spirurida Infections, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Helminth
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