Ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in Belgium

Claerebout, Edwin; Losson, Bertrand; Cochez, Christel; Casaert, Stijn; Dalemans, Anne-Catherine; De Cat, Ann; Madder, Maxime; Saegerman, Claude; Heyman, Paul; Lempereur, Laetitia

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-183

Cited by 120Vector-borne infectious diseasesBartonella species infections researchViral Infections and Vectors

Ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in Belgium

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Claerebout, Edwin, Losson, Bertrand, Cochez, Christel, Casaert, Stijn, Dalemans, Anne-Catherine, De Cat, Ann, Madder, Maxime, Saegerman, Claude +2 more·2013·Parasites & Vectors

DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-6-183PMC PMC3688525

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although Ixodes spp. are the most common ticks in North-Western Europe, recent reports indicated an expanding geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Western Europe. Recently, the establishment of a D. reticulatus population in Belgium was described. D. reticulatus is an important vector of canine and equine babesiosis and can transmit several Rickettsia species, Coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), whilst Ixodes spp. are vectors of pathogens causing babesiosis, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis and TBEV. METHODS: A survey was conducted in 2008-2009 to investigate the presence of different tick species and associated pathogens on dogs and cats in Belgium. Ticks were collected from dogs and cats in 75 veterinary practices, selected by stratified randomization. All collected ticks were morphologically determined and analysed for the presence of Babesia spp., Borrelia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia DNA. RESULTS: In total 2373 ticks were collected from 647 dogs and 506 cats. Ixodes ricinus (76.4%) and I. hexagonus (22.6%) were the predominant species. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.3%) and D. reticulatus (0.8%) were found in low numbers on dogs only. All dogs infested with R. sanguineus had a recent travel history, but D. reticulatus were collected from a dog without a history of travelling abroad. Of the collected Ixodes ticks, 19.5% were positive for A. phagocytophilum and 10.1% for Borrelia spp. (B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi s.s., B. lusitaniae, B. valaisiana and B. spielmanii). Rickettsia helvetica was found in 14.1% of Ixodes ticks. All Dermacentor ticks were negative for all the investigated pathogens, but one R. sanguineus tick was positive for Rickettsia massiliae. CONCLUSION: D. reticulatus was confirmed to be present as an indigenous parasite in Belgium. B. lusitaniae and R. helvetica were detected in ticks in Belgium for the first time.

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The spectrum of detected pathogens was compatible to those reported recently in dog-associated ticks collected in Germany, Italy, Belgium and Poland.
“The spectrum of detected pathogens was compatible to those reported recently in dog-associated ticks collected in Germany, Italy, Belgium and Poland [20–23].”
From Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from dogs, Latvia, 2011–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
In studies of pet-associated ticks, Rickettsia spp. was detected in 18.4 and 14.1% of Ixodes ticks in Italy and Belgium, respectively, while over 50% of I. ricinus were positive for Rickettsia spp. in Poland and Germany; Dermacentor ticks were pathogen-negative in Belgium, but 39% of D. reticulatus were found to be Rickettsia-positive in the study in Germany.
“Interestingly, in studies of pet-associated ticks, Rickettsia spp. was detected in 18.4 and 14.1% of Ixodes ticks in Italy and Belgium, respectively, while over 50% of I. ricinus were positive for Rickettsia spp. in Poland and Germany; also, Dermacentor ticks were pathogen-negative in Belgium, but 39% of D. reticulatus were found to be Rickettsia–positive in the study in Germany [20–23].”
From Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from dogs, Latvia, 2011–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [22]

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Infection withBabesia microtiin humans with non-specific symptoms in North East Poland
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Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Features of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in Dogs: A Systematic Review
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Ticks and associated pathogens collected from cats in Sicily and Calabria (Italy)
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Scouts, forests, and ticks: Impact of landscapes on human-tick contacts
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A national survey of Ixodidae ticks on privately owned dogs in Italy
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Co-circulation of multiple species of Rickettsiales bacteria in one single species of hard ticks in Shenyang, China
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Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from dogs, Latvia, 2011–2016
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Importation of Ticks on Companion Animals and the Risk of Spread of Tick-Borne Diseases to Non-Endemic Regions in Europe
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It shouldn’t happen to a dog … or a veterinarian: clinical paradigms for canine vector-borne diseases
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First Expert Elicitation of Knowledge on Possible Drivers of Observed Increasing Human Cases of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Europe
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The role of companion animals in the environmental circulation of tick-borne bacterial pathogens
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A nationwide survey of ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs and cats in Japan in 2011
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Efficacy and safety of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in the treatment of naturally occurring flea and tick infestations in cats presented as veterinary patients in Europe
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Tick-borne pathogens in Ixodidae ticks collected from privately-owned dogs in Italy: a country-wide molecular survey
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The role of domestic dogs and cats in the zoonotic cycles of ticks and pathogens. Preliminary studies in the Wrocław Agglomeration (SW Poland)
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus importation into the UK: surveillance, risk, public health awareness and One Health response
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Distribution of ticks in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Efficacy of a novel oral formulation of sarolaner (Simparica™) against four common tick species infesting dogs in Europe
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Changes in the activity of adult stages of Dermacentor reticulatus (Ixodida: Amblyommidae) induced by weather factors in eastern Poland
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“Tekenscanner”: a novel smartphone application for companion animal owners and veterinarians to engage in tick and tick-borne pathogen surveillance in the Netherlands
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Raccoons contraband – The metazoan parasite fauna of free-ranging raccoons in central Europe
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Agent-based modelling of the spatial pattern of leisure visitation in forests: A case study in Wallonia, south Belgium
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Ticks on dogs and cats: A pet owner-based survey in a rural town in northeastern Switzerland
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Prevalence of infection with Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on non-rickettsiemic rodent hosts in sylvatic habitats of west-central Poland
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Spatial tick bite exposure and associated risk factors in Scandinavia
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Acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks
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Ubiquitin-specific protease-44 inhibits the proliferation and migration of cells via inhibition of JNK pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
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Efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner against four common tick species infesting cats in Europe
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First Report of Toxoplasma gondii , Dirofilaria immitis , and Chlamydia felis Infection in Stray and Companion Cats in Northeastern and Eastern China
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Season-long control of flea and tick infestations in a population of cats in the Aeolian archipelago using a collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin
Otranto, D., Dantas‐Torres, F., Napoli, E., Basano, F. S., Deuster, K., Pollmeier, M., Capelli, G., & Brianti, E. (2017) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Field effectiveness and safety of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto® Plus) against ticks and fleas: a European randomized, blinded, multicenter field study in naturally-infested client-owned cats
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Seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus rossicus attacking domestic dogs from the steppic region of southeastern Romania
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Efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner for cats against adult Ctenocephalides felis , flea egg production and adult flea emergence
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Comparison of the occurrence of tick-borne diseases in ticks collected from vegetation and animals in the same area
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Lotilaner - a novel formulation for cats provides systemic tick and flea control
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The hedgehog tick, Ixodes hexagonus (Leach, 1815) (Acari: Ixodidae); The natural history and ecology of a nest ectoparasite
Walker, M. D. (2018) · Systematic and Applied Acarology · doi:10.11158/saa.23.4.9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans in Belgium for the period 2013–2016.
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The HUMTICK study: protocol for a prospective cohort study on post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome and the disease and cost burden of Lyme borreliosis in Belgium
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Diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Belgium by combining molecular and serological methods
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Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Central Bohemia
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Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. in cattle serum and questing ticks from Belgium
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Evaluation ofIn VivoAcaricidal Effect of Soap Containing Essential Oil ofChenopodium ambrosioidesLeaves onRhipicephalus lunulatusin the Western Highland of Cameroon
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Detection of Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus infesting wild and domestic animals and in a botfly larva ( Cephenemyia stimulator ) infesting roe deer in Germany
Scheid, P. L., Speck, S., Schwarzenberger, R., Litzinger, M., Balczun, C., & Dobler, G. (2016) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against induced infestations with Dermacentor reticulatus in dogs
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Efficacy of a novel chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against four common tick species infesting dogs in Europe
Becskei, C., Liebenberg, J. E., Thys, M., & Mahabir, S. P. (2020) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3949-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Frequency of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia spp., and coinfections in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from dogs and cats in Germany
Probst, J., Springer, A., Fingerle, V., & Strübe, C. (2024) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06193-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Multicenter randomized, and blinded European field study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Felpreva®, a novel spot-on formulation containing emodepside, praziquantel and tigolaner, in treating cats naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks
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Global status of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in human population: A 50-year (1970–2020) meta-analysis
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Distribution of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Heamaphysalis elliptica dog ticks and pathogens they are carrying: A systematic review
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Molecular evidence for bacterial pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks infesting Shetland ponies
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A lifelong study of a pack Rhodesian ridgeback dogs reveals subclinical and clinical tick-borne Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections with possible reinfection or persistence
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Speed of kill of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner for cats against induced infestations with Ixodes ricinus
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Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from pets in selected mountainous areas of Tatra County (Tatra Mountains, Poland)
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Abundance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in domestic gardens in Belgium, 2020-2022: a citizen science approach
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Exposure of domestic dogs and cats to ticks (Acari: Ixodida) and selected tick-borne diseases in urban and recreational areas in southern Poland
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Ixodid ticks in the Western Ukraine
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HIGH PREVALENCE OF EHRLICHIA CANIS IN DOGS IN VAN, TURKEY
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Effect of forest structures and tree species composition on common tick (Ixodes ricinus) abundance—Case study from Czechia
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Survey on tick infestation in stray dogs in localities of Malaysia
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Comparative speed of kill after treatment with Simparica™(sarolaner) and Advantix®(imidacloprid + permethrin) against induced infestations of Dermacentor reticulatus on dogs
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Prevalence and distribution of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from dogs in the United Kingdom
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Ticks Infesting Dogs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Detailed Epidemiological and Molecular Report
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Comparative speed of kill of oral treatments with SimparicaTM(sarolaner) and Bravecto®(fluralaner) against induced infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs
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The hidden threat: Exploring the parasite burden and feeding habits of invasive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in central Europe
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Comparative efficacy of a new spot-on combination product containing selamectin and sarolaner (Stronghold®Plus) versus fluralaner (Bravecto®) against induced infestations with Ixodes ricinus ticks on cats
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Seropositivity to Midichloria mitochondrii (order Rickettsiales) as a marker to determine the exposure of humans to tick bite
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Seroprevalence Rates of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Cats from Southern Bulgaria
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Molecular detection of tick-borne haemopathogens in shelter dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks from Peninsular Malaysia
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Integrated management of blood-feeding arthropods in veterinary teaching facilities - Part 1: overview of haematophagous arthropods of interest in North-western Europe
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Influence of ecological and climatic conditions on the spread of Borrelia burgdorferi in domestic dogs in Ukraine
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Detection of selected pathogens in ticks collected from cats and dogs in the Wrocław Agglomeration, South-West Poland
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Authors: Claerebout, E., Losson, B., Cochez, C., Casaert, S., Dalemans, A.-C., De Cat, A., Madder, M., Saegerman, C., Heyman, P., & Lempereur, L.
Affiliations: Ghent University (BE)
University of Liège (BE)
Queen Astrid Military Hospital (BE)
Bayer (Belgium) (BE)
University of Pretoria (ZA)
Corresponding author: Claerebout, Edwin
ORCID: Claerebout, Edwin
Madder, Maxime
Saegerman, Claude
Lempereur, Laetitia
Venue: Parasites & Vectors
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-06-19
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 183-183
ISSN: 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-183
PMC: PMC3688525
OpenAlex: W2145640364
Cited by: 119
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 11.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Universiteit Utrecht
Univerza v Ljubljani
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bartonella species infections research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
Keywords: tick-borne pathogens, Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes hexagonus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, dogs, cats, Rickettsia helvetica, Borrelia, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia massiliae, tick-borne encephalitis virus, babesiosis, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, Rickettsia, Belgium
MeSH terms: Animals, Babesia, Belgium, Borrelia, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Male, Rickettsia, Tick Infestations, Ticks, Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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