Depression and anxiety associated with three pain conditions: Results from a nationally representative sample
Abstract
Investigations of the relationship between pain conditions and psychopathology have largely focused on depression and have been limited by the use of non-representative samples (e.g. clinical samples). The present study utilized data from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS) to investigate associations between three pain conditions and three common psychiatric disorders in a large sample (N = 3,032) representative of adults aged 25-74 in the United States population. MIDUS participants provided reports regarding medical conditions experienced over the past year including arthritis, migraine, and back pain. Participants also completed several diagnostic-specific measures from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form [Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 7 (1998) 171], which was based on the revised third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [American Psychiatric Association 1987]. The diagnoses included were depression, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety disorder. Logistic regression analyses revealed significant positive associations between each pain condition and the psychiatric disorders (Odds Ratios ranged from 1.48 to 3.86). The majority of these associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for demographic variables, the other pain conditions, and other medical conditions. Given the emphasis on depression in the pain literature, it was noteworthy that the associations between the pain conditions and the anxiety disorders were generally larger than those between the pain conditions and depression. These findings add to a growing body of evidence indicating that anxiety disorders warrant further attention in relation to pain. The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
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Committed action relieves patients from being trapped in a loop of negative thoughts and emotions (such as anxiety, catastrophizing, disappointment, despair), which in turn increase pain intensity.
“relieves them of being trapped in a loop of negative thoughts and emotions (such as anxiety, catastrophizing, disappointment, despair), which in turn increase pain intensity (McWilliams, Goodwin, & Cox 2004).”
From The effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy on pain intensity, pain catastrophizing and pain-associated anxiety in patients with chronic pain (2015) · cites this paper as McWilliams, Goodwin, & Cox 2004
Migraine patients have a two-fold increased risk of an anxiety disorder diagnosis.
“Migraine patients have a two-fold increased risk of an anxiety disorder diagnosis, highlighting the high comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders with migraines [8].”
From One-Day Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Compared to Support for Depressed Migraine Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- McWilliams, L. A., Goodwin, R. D., & Cox, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McWilliams, Lachlan A.
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-83
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163446367
- Cited by
- 562
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Sciences Centre Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH064735, MH 64735)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, arthritis, migraine, back pain, psychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Arthritis, Back Pain, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Prevalence
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