Cited by 412Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and DietObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact

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McGill, Rory, Anwar, Elspeth, Orton, Lois, Bromley, Helen, Lloyd-Williams, Ffion, O’Flaherty, Martin, Taylor-Robinson, David, Guzman-Castillo, Maria, Gillespie, Duncan, Moreira, Patricia, Allen, Kirk, Hyseni, Lirije, Calder, Nicola, Petticrew, Mark, White, Martin, Whitehead, Margaret, Capewell, Simon·2015·BMC Public Health

DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1781-7PMC PMC4423493

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Interventions to promote healthy eating make a potentially powerful contribution to the primary prevention of non communicable diseases. It is not known whether healthy eating interventions are equally effective among all sections of the population, nor whether they narrow or widen the health gap between rich and poor. We undertook a systematic review of interventions to promote healthy eating to identify whether impacts differ by socioeconomic position (SEP). METHODS: We searched five bibliographic databases using a pre-piloted search strategy. Retrieved articles were screened independently by two reviewers. Healthier diets were defined as the reduced intake of salt, sugar, trans-fats, saturated fat, total fat, or total calories, or increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and wholegrain. Studies were only included if quantitative results were presented by a measure of SEP. Extracted data were categorised with a modified version of the "4Ps" marketing mix, expanded to 6 "Ps": "Price, Place, Product, Prescriptive, Promotion, and Person". RESULTS: Our search identified 31,887 articles. Following screening, 36 studies were included: 18 "Price" interventions, 6 "Place" interventions, 1 "Product" intervention, zero "Prescriptive" interventions, 4 "Promotion" interventions, and 18 "Person" interventions. "Price" interventions were most effective in groups with lower SEP, and may therefore appear likely to reduce inequalities. All interventions that combined taxes and subsidies consistently decreased inequalities. Conversely, interventions categorised as "Person" had a greater impact with increasing SEP, and may therefore appear likely to reduce inequalities. All four dietary counselling interventions appear likely to widen inequalities. We did not find any "Prescriptive" interventions and only one "Product" intervention that presented differential results and had no impact by SEP. More "Place" interventions were identified and none of these interventions were judged as likely to widen inequalities. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions categorised by a "6 Ps" framework show differential effects on healthy eating outcomes by SEP. "Upstream" interventions categorised as "Price" appeared to decrease inequalities, and "downstream" "Person" interventions, especially dietary counselling seemed to increase inequalities. However the vast majority of studies identified did not explore differential effects by SEP. Interventions aimed at improving population health should be routinely evaluated for differential socioeconomic impact.

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Figure 1 Harvest Plot summarising the effects of healthy eating interventions on inequalities*. *Each matrix within the Harvest plot ‘supermatrix’ illustrates our findings for each “P”. Each matrix consists of three columns indicating whether inequalities were reduced, widened or showed no gradient. Each bar represents one intervention. The height of the bar indicates the quality score of the study graded out of 6 [28]. Grey bars indicate interventions with no significance values given concerning the difference in effect of the intervention on SEP. Modelling studies are indicated by patterned barsCC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Flow chart showing the progress of the review. *studies sum to 37 because one study examined several different types of interventions which were included in two separate categories.CC BY · PubMed Central

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The associations of socioeconomic status and financial strain with restrained and emotional eating among 42-year-old women and men
Rosenqvist, E., Kiviruusu, O. H., & Konttinen, H. M. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105795 · Cited by 25
Association Between Neighborhood Factors and Adult Obesity in Shelby County, Tennessee: Geospatial Machine Learning Approach
Brakefield, W. S., Olusanya, O. A., & Shaban‐Nejad, A. (2022) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/37039 · Cited by 20
Comparison of weight change between face-to-face and digital delivery of the English National Health service diabetes prevention programme: An exploratory non-inferiority study with imputation of plausible weight outcomes
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Real-world nudging, pricing, and mobile physical activity coaching was insufficient to improve lifestyle behaviours and cardiometabolic health: the Supreme Nudge parallel cluster-randomised controlled supermarket trial
Stuber, J. M., Mackenbach, J. D., de Bruijn, G., Gillebaart, M., Hoenink, J. C., Middel, C. N. H., de Ridder, D. T. D., van der Schouw, Y. T., Smit, E. G., Velema, E., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03268-4 · Cited by 22
“Such interventions rely heavily on individual resources like knowledge and motivation and inadequately reach vulnerable populations including those with a low socioeconomic position (SEP) [8–10].”
Background
The Role of Welfare State Characteristics for Health and Inequalities in Health from a Cross-National Perspective: A Critical Research Synthesis
Pförtner, T., Pfaff, H., & Elgar, F. J. (2019) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-019-00606-w · Cited by 22
Rethinking Behavioral Approaches to Compliment Biological Advances to Understand the Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment of Childhood Obesity
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Equity-Specific Effects of Interventions to Promote Physical Activity among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Development of a Collaborative Equity-Specific Re-Analysis Strategy
Czwikla, G., Boen, F., Cook, D. G., de Jong, J., Harris, T. J., Hilz, L. K., Iliffe, S., Morris, R. W., Muellmann, S., Peels, D. A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16173195 · Cited by 20
“This hypothesis is supported by results of systematic reviews on, inter alia, tobacco control interventions [65], obesity prevention interventions [66], and interventions to promote healthy eating [67].”
Result
Impact of proximity of healthier versus less healthy foods on intake: A lab-based experiment
Hunter, J. A., Hollands, G. J., Pilling, M. A., & Marteau, T. M. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.021 · Cited by 19
“those that provide information to participants and thus require them to actively reflect on and change behaviour, are more likely to contribute to health disparities between socioeconomic positions (Beauchamp, Backholer, Magliano, & Peeters, 2014; Lorenc, Petticrew, Welch, & Tugwell, 2013; McGill et al., 2015).”
What are the potential preventive population-health effects of a tax on processed meat? A quantitative health impact assessment for Germany
Schönbach, J.-K., Thiele, S., & Lhachimi, S. K. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.011 · Cited by 21
Effectiveness of Dietary Policies to Reduce Noncommunicable Diseases
Afshin, A., Micha, R., Webb, M., Capewell, S., Whitsel, L. P., Rubinstein, A. L., Prabhakaran, D., Suhrcke, M., & Mozaffarian, D. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0518-9_ch6 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Conceptualising changes to tobacco and alcohol policy as affecting a single interlinked system
Gillespie, D., Hatchard, J. L., Squires, H., Gilmore, A., & Brennan, A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10000-3 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
The impact of smartphone app–based interventions on adolescents’ dietary intake: a systematic review and evaluation of equity factor reporting in intervention studies
Holly, S., Jantzi, H. A., Seabrook, J. A., McEachern, L. W., Burke, S. M., Irwin, J. D., & Gilliland, J. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad058 · Cited by 18
Inequalities in energy-balance related behaviours and family environmental determinants in European children: changes and sustainability within the EPHE evaluation study
Mantziki, K., Renders, C. M., Vassilopoulos, A., Radulian, G., Borys, J.-M., du Plessis, H. R., Gregório, M. J., Graça, P., Henauw, S. D., Handjiev, S., et al. (2016) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0438-1 · Cited by 17
“In the literature, several attempts have been made to explain this phenomenon by relating it to low compliance [14], the sources of being disadvantaged [6, 18] and low participation rates [13].”
Background
Feasibility of working with a wholesale supplier to co-design and test acceptability of an intervention to promote smaller portions: an uncontrolled before-and-after study in British Fish & Chip shops
Goffe, L., Hillier-Brown, F. C., Hildred, N., Worsnop, M., Adams, J. M., Araújo‐Soares, V., Penn, L., Wrieden, W. L., Summerbell, C. D., Lake, A. A., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023441 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
EFFECT OF USING CHICORY ROOTS POWDER AS A FAT REPLACER ON BEEF BURGER QUALITY
Zeny, T. E., Essa, R. Y., BISAR, B. A., & Metwalli, S. (2019) · Slovenian Veterinary Research · doi:10.26873/svr-788-2019 · Cited by 17
Commercial Determinants of Global Health
Allen, L. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_57-1 · Cited by 18
Re-imagining the physicians’ role in the assessment of feeding challenges in children with autism spectrum disorder
Smile, S., Raffaele, C. T., & Perlin, R. (2020) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxaa008 · Cited by 22
“A systematic review identified that provision of nutritional information is inadequate in changing dietary behaviours (8).”
Background
The societal implications of using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity
Scragg, J., Koutoukidis, D. A., Dirksen, C., Heitmann, B. L., & Jebb, S. A. (2025) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2025.100805 · Cited by 16
Parental involvement and association with adolescents’ fruit and vegetable intake at follow-up: Process evaluation results from the multi-component school-based Boost intervention
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Motivated by default—How nudges facilitate people to act in line with their motivation.
van Gestel, L. C., Adriaanse, M. A., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2021) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000230 · Cited by 14
“This is in contrast to other interventions such as educational campaigns or persuasion techniques which often do rely on the availability of cognitive resources (Beauchamp et al., 2014; Lorenc et al., 2013; McGill et al., 2015).”
Result
Identifying patterns of unhealthy diet and physical activity in four countries of the Americas: a latent class analysis
Graf, S., & Cecchini, M. (2018) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2018.56 · Cited by 17
“Available evidence suggests that upstream interventions, including community-based interventions and environmental changes, would be particularly effective in modifying dietary behaviors and in tackling obesity in these population groups (32, 33).”
Recruiting men from across the socioeconomic spectrum via GP registers and community outreach to a weight management feasibility randomised controlled trial
McDonald, M., Dombrowski, S., Skinner, R., Calveley, E., Carroll, P., Elders, A., Gray, C., Grindle, M., Harris, F., Jones, C., et al. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-01136-2 · Cited by 9
“Analysis of intervention effectiveness across socioeconomic groups is seldom conducted [57], but may be particularly important for men from disadvantaged areas given inequalities for morbidity and mortality compared to women [39, 40].”
Background
A Systematic Review on the Effects of Personalized Price Promotions for Food Products
Nguyen, M. T. T., Emberger‐Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2018) · Journal of Food Products Marketing · doi:10.1080/10454446.2018.1529647 · Cited by 16
The equity impact of brief opportunistic interventions to promote weight loss in primary care: secondary analysis of the BWeL randomised trial
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Effects of lifestyle interventions in pregnancy on gestational diabetes: individual participant data and network meta-analysis
Allotey, J., Coomar, D., Ensor, J., Ruiz‐Calvo, G., Boath, A., Ogwulu, C. O., Monahan, M., Kabeya, V., Zheng, M., Mcneill, R., et al. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-084159 · Cited by 17
Exploring the main and moderating effects of individual-level characteristics on consumer responses to sugar taxes and front-of-pack nutrition labels in an experimental marketplace
Acton, R. B., Kirkpatrick, S. I., & Hammond, D. G. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00475-x · Cited by 15
“Given that many existing nutrition and obesity interventions have proven to be less effective for low SES and low literacy individuals (McGill et al. 2015), the consistency of the sugar taxes and FOP labels across groups in this study supports these policies as a strong starting point for promoting…”
BackgroundInfluential
Healthy food prescription incentive programme for adults with type 2 diabetes who are experiencing food insecurity: protocol for a randomised controlled trial, modelling and implementation studies
Olstad, D. L., Beall, R. F., Spackman, E., Dunn, S., Lipscombe, L. L., Williams, K., Oster, R. T., Scott, S., Zimmermann, G. L., McBrien, K., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050006 · Cited by 17
Digitally Delivered Interventions to Improve Nutrition Behaviors Among Resource-Poor and Ethnic Minority Groups With Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review
Karimi, N., Opie, R., Crawford, D. A., O’Connell, S. L., & Ball, K. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/42595 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, automation can assist in detecting when a patient deviates from the recommended care plan, enabling the health care team to intervene at the right moment [28,29,31].”
The Impact of Non-Fiscal Mandatory and Voluntary Policies and Interventions on the Reformulation of Food and Beverage Products: A Systematic Review
Packer, J., Michalopoulou, S., Cruz, J., Dhar, D., Stansfield, C., Kaczmarska, H., Viner, R., Mytton, O. T., & Russell, S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16203484 · Cited by 17
“Structural interventions or population-level policies can be more equitable than interventions that rely on individual agency [129,130].”
Adjusting a mainstream weight management intervention for people with intellectual disabilities: a user centred approach
Croot, L., Rimmer, M., Salway, S., Hatton, C., Dowse, E., Lavin, J. H., Bennett, S. E., Harris, J., & O’Cathain, A. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0871-4 · Cited by 15
Do Target Groups Appreciate Being Targeted? An Exploration of Healthy Eating Policy Acceptance
Aschemann‐Witzel, J., Bech‐Larsen, T., & Capacci, S. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-016-9327-7 · Cited by 15
“Finally, we note that the more accepted policies are not necessarily the most effective in tackling problems such as inequality in health (McGill et al. 2015).”
Background
Multibehavioural Interventions with a Focus on Specific Energy Balance-Related Behaviours Can Affect Diet Quality in Preschoolers from Six European Countries: The ToyBox-Study
Pinket, A.-S., Craemer, M. D., Huybrechts, I., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Deforche, B. I., Cardon, G., Androutsos, O., Koletzko, B. V., Moreno, L. A., Socha, P., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050479 · Cited by 15
“However, in both reviews, it was also concluded that most studies did not explore differential effects by socioeconomic status, which should be targeted in future studies [26,40].”
Background
The Role of Diet and Oral Hygiene in Dental Caries
Feldens, C. A., Kramer, P. F., & Vargas‐Ferreira, F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93426-6_4 · Cited by 15
Contextual factors in systematic reviews: understanding public health interventions in low socioeconomic status and disadvantaged populations
Rodgers, M., South, E., Harden, M., Whitehead, M. M., & Sowden, A. J. (2025) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-025-01644-x · Cited by 20
“Two reviews included studies on mass media or social marketing campaigns [37, 38].”
Self-citation
Does the national dental scaling policy reduce inequalities in dental scaling usage? A population-based quasi-experimental study
Kim, E., Kim, B., & Jung, H. (2019) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-019-0881-7 · Cited by 17
Protocol of a natural experiment to evaluate a supermarket intervention to improve food purchasing and dietary behaviours of women (WRAPPED study) in England: a prospective matched controlled cluster design
Vogel, C., Crozier, S., Dhuria, P., Shand, C., Lawrence, W. T., Cade, J. E., Moon, G., Lord, J. L., Ball, K., Cooper, C. C., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036758 · Cited by 14
Dietary Policies and Programs: Moving Beyond Efficacy and Into “Real-World” Settings
Yi, S. S., Lee, M. S. L., Russo, R. G., Li, Y., Trinh‐Shevrin, C., & Kwon, S. C. (2021) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0050 · Cited by 16
“In a recent review, dietary programs focused on ‘‘price’’ strategies were identified to have the most potential for decreasing dietary disparities, while ‘‘person’’ strategies, especially dietary counseling, were likely to increase disparities.(38) There is little attention with regard to unintended consequences of di…”
Background
How theory can help to understand the potential impact of food environment policies on socioeconomic inequalities in diet: an application of Bourdieu’s capital theory and the scarcity theory
Djojosoeparto, S. K., Kamphuis, C. B. M., Harrington, J. M., Løvhaug, A. L., Roos, G., Sawyer, A. D. M., Stronks, K., Terragni, L., Torheim, L. E., Vandevijvere, S., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckac052 · Cited by 14
Socio-economic and age variations in response to supermarket-led checkout food policies: a repeated measures analysis
Ejlerskov, K. T., Sharp, S. J., Stead, M., Adamson, A., White, M. J., & Adams, J. M. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0755-4 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Non-visible disease, the hidden disruptive experiences of chronic illness in adversity
Querol, S. E., Clarke, P., Sattler, E. L. P., Halford, J. C. G., & Gabbay, M. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1857579 · Cited by 13
“Health policies stressing responsibility on lifestyle choices or “downstream” interventions do not favour people living in deprived areas (Jepson et al., 2010; McGill et al., 2015).”
Background
Impact of altering proximity on snack food intake in individuals with high and low executive function: study protocol
Hunter, J. A., Hollands, G. J., Couturier, D., & Marteau, T. M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3184-9 · Cited by 14
“Even in studies involving participants who are more representative of the general population, these rarely explore the differential effects of an intervention by SEP [3] and few studies consider the role of EF in explaining variation in outcomes of interventions.”
Background
Distributional Changes in U.S. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Purchases, 2002–2014
Valizadeh, P., Popkin, B. M., & Ng, S. W. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.02.002 · Cited by 13
Social marketing-based interventions to promote healthy nutrition behaviors: a systematic review protocol
Doustmohammadian, A., & Bazhan, M. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01625-5 · Cited by 20
Identifying dietary patterns across age, educational level and physical activity level in a cross-sectional study: the Tromsø Study 2015 - 2016
Moe, Å. M., Sørbye, S. H., Hopstock, L. A., Carlsen, M. H., Løvsletten, O., & Ytterstad, E. (2022) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00599-4 · Cited by 13
“Abbreviations Tromsø7: The seventh survey of the Tromsø Study; FFQ: Food frequency questionnaire;; TEI: Total energy intake; TWI: Total water intake; PAL: Physical activity level; LeduLPAL: low education and low PAL; LeduHPAL: low education and high PAL; HeduLPAL: high education and low PAL; HeduHPAL: high education a…”
BackgroundInfluential
A primary care lifestyle programme suitable for socioeconomically vulnerable groups – an observational study
Waller, M., Blomstrand, A., Högberg, T. R. S., Ariai, N., Thorn, J., Hange, D., & Björkelund, C. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2016.1248628 · Cited by 13
“[5,7,8] Interventions should be evaluated for differential socioeconomic impact.[9] Implementation of a lifestyleimprovement method, “Pro-Health”, began in 2007–2008 in the Hisingen community (inhabitants 130,000) of Gothenburg.”
Method
A randomized-controlled trial focusing on socio-economic status for promoting vegetable intake among adults using a web-based nutrition intervention programme: study protocol
Nakamura, S., Inayama, T., & Arao, T. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3907-y · Cited by 15
“However, in practice, it has been widely reported that vegetable intake remains low among social disadvantaged groups in terms of household income and other indicators of socio-economic status [6, 7].”
Background
The CIVISANO protocol: a mixed-method study about the role of objective and perceived environmental factors on physical activity and eating behavior among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults
D’Hooghe, S., Inaç, Y., Clercq, E. M. D., Deforche, B. I., Dury, S., Vandevijvere, S., de Weghe, N. V., Dyck, D. V., & Ridder, K. D. (2022) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00956-6 · Cited by 12
Beating Cancer Inequalities in the EU
OECD (2024) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/14fdc89a-en · Cited by 38
Advancement of behavioral energy interventions in commercial buildings
Kosonen, H., & Kim, A. A. (2017) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/f-04-2016-0044 · Cited by 13
The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition
Smith, B. T., Hack, S., Jessri, M., Arcand, J., McLaren, L., L’Abbé, M. R., Anderson, L. N., Hobin, E. P., Hammond, D. G., Manson, H. E., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030779 · Cited by 13
“, low agency interventions) removes an important barrier for designing equitable population-level interventions [14].”
Background

Authors: McGill, R., Anwar, E., Orton, L., Bromley, H., Lloyd-Williams, F., O’Flaherty, M., Taylor-Robinson, D., Guzman-Castillo, M., Gillespie, D., Moreira, P., Allen, K., Hyseni, L., Calder, N., Petticrew, M., White, M., Whitehead, M., & Capewell, S.
Affiliations: University of Liverpool (GB)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: McGill, Rory
ORCID: Orton, Lois
Taylor-Robinson, David
Guzman-Castillo, Maria
Gillespie, Duncan
Allen, Kirk
Hyseni, Lirije
Petticrew, Mark
White, Martin
Whitehead, Margaret
Capewell, Simon
Venue: BMC Public Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-05-02
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 457-457
ISSN: 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1781-7
PMC: PMC4423493
OpenAlex: W4239413439
Cited by: 407
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 5
FWCI: 4.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2015-09-15)
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Apollo
Funders: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Wellcome Trust (087636/Z/08/Z)
National Institute for Health and Care Research
University of Exeter
University of Sheffield
National Institutes of Health
Medical Research Council (MR/K023187/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007462/1, ES/G007470/1)
School for Public Health Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: healthy eating interventions, socioeconomic disparities, socioeconomic position, nutrition counseling, non-communicable disease prevention, dietary intake, fruit and vegetable intake, health disparities
MeSH terms: Commerce, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Health Education, Health Promotion, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Vegetables, Marketing

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Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact

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