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The relationship between organisational stressors and mental wellbeing within police officers: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Occupational stressors in police work increase the risk for officer mental health morbidities. Officers’ poor mental wellbeing is harmful to the individual, can affect professionalism, organisational effectiveness, and public safety. While the impact of operational stressors on officers’ mental wellbeing is well documented, no review has systematically investigated organisational stressor impacts. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the relationship between organisational stressors and police officer mental wellbeing. Methods: Systematic review conducted following PRISMA and Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Literature search was undertaken from 1990 to May 2017 on four databases (EBSCOHOST Medline/SocINDEX/PsycINFO/OVID Embase) and grey literature. Included articles were critically appraised and assessed for risk of bias. Narrative and evidence syntheses were performed by specific mental health outcomes. Results: In total, 3571 results were returned, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies were published in English between 1995 and 2016, had cross-sectional study designs, spanned across four continents and covered 15,150 officers. Strong evidence of significant associations was identified for organisational stressors and the outcomes of: occupational stress, psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress, emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. The organisational stressors most often demonstrating consistently significant associations with mental health outcomes included lack of support, demand, job pressure, administrative/organisational pressure and long working-hours. Conclusions: This review is the first to systematically examine organisational stressors and mental health in police officers. Organisational stressors that can be targeted by interventions and policy changes to secure officer wellbeing, a healthy work environment, and benefits to the organisation and the public are identified.
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“Police activity is, thus, described in the literature as stressful, leading to poor physical and mental health outcomes over time, in which burnout is included”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Purba and Demou, 2019
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“In terms or organisational factors, high job demands, effort-reward imbalance, low decision latitude, perceived injustice, low social sup port, lack of leadership, organisational culture, and working in urban environments were found to be associated with burnout, in line with the wide literature (Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2010; Purba and Demou, 2019; Sherwood et al., 2019).”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Purba and Demou, 2019
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“…examined in depth within policing, there is a substantial body of behavioral science literature addressing both the profession ’ s traumatic impact on individuals (see the review by Regehr et al., 2021) and the organizational stressors that in fl uence employee well-being (see Purba & Demou, 2019).”
Beyond the badge: organizational barriers to police anxiety and mental health support
Rawlinson, L., Harkin, B., Davies, L. E., & Yates, A. (2025) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaf039
Illias, M., Riach, K., Basinas, I., Miller, J. K., Burchell, B. J., & Demou, E. (2025) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaf037 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLima, A. D. G. T., de Santana, E. M., Barros, A. C., de Medeiros, S. E. G., Cavalcanti, D. D. F., & de Aquino, J. M. (2025) · Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2025-0013en
Saúde mental no trabalho policial: burnout e modos de enfrentamento em duas corporações brasileiras
de Oliveira, J. F., dos Santos, F. B., Arroyo, T. R., Vieira, E., Borges, M. A., & Lourenção, L. G. (2025) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.31211/rpics.2025.11.2.399
Izquierdo, M. G., García-Guirao, N. M., García, J. M. D. H., & Giner-Alegría, C. A. (2025) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaf055
Huang, Y., Guo, H., Wang, S., Zhong, S., He, Y., Chen, H., Zhou, J., & Wang, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24934153
Garrido, M. V., Herold, R., Rohwer, E., Mache, S., Terschürenm, C., Preisser, A. M., & Harth, V. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20887260
Zhou, S., Li, M., Chen, S., Jiang, D., Qu, Y., & Xu, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26721762
Zhou, S., Li, M., Chen, S., Jiang, D., Qu, Y., & Xu, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26721765
Esther, B., & Obosi, A. C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3263840/v1
Wang, J., Huang, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, Z., He, Y., Wang, X., & Guo, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25271878
Illias, M., Riach, K., & Demou, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27129623
Self-citationJia, D., & Yuan, X. (2025) · Journal of medicine and physical education. · doi:10.62517/jmpe.202518310
Lambert, E. G., Qureshi, H., White, D. R., Hogan, N. L., Frank, J., & Barton, S. M. (2026) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2026.2615835
“The limited research to date on the well-being of police officers has focused on other areas than life satisfaction, such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Anders et al., 2022; Copenhaver & Tewksbury, 2018; Purba & Demou, 2019).”
Moreno, A. F., Scharf, T., Hill, R., Vilalta, S. R., & Oliveira-Silva, P. (2025) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaf065 · Cited by 3
Kazar, G., Üstün, D. C., Kadıoğlu, F., & Tokdemir, O. B. (2026) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings16040776
Prevalence of Occupational Stress Among Female Police Officers in Dhaka Metropolitan Area
Akter, M. S., & Talukder, M. I. A. (2026) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642261423338
Lourenção, L. G., dos Santos, F. B., Arroyo, T. R., Vieira, E., & Borges, M. A. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7020057 · Cited by 1
“Evidence on structured support initiatives and operational predictability also points to potentially protective institutional components that may be leveraged in prevention strategies [64–66].”
The dual Sides of the Police Badge: Understanding Well-being and Ill-being in a Police Organization
Araújo, A. C. A., Paschoal, T., & Ferreira, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09800-x
“Notable exceptions include Purba and Demou (2019), who conducted a systematic review on the relationship between organizational stressors and psychological well-being, and Cohen et al. (2019), who investigated sources of occupational and organizational stress in police work.”
Chen, W.-Y., Wang, W.-Y., Huang, Y.-H., Hsu, S. P. C., Wang, Y.-M., Ching-Po, L., & Sun, C.-W. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38896-8
Contreras, I. M., & Novaco, R. W. (2026) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2025-0218
Esther, B., & Obosi, A. C. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04421-9 · Cited by 1
“” [17].”
Investigating Resilience, Burnout, and Empathy: An Exploratory Study of Small City Police Officers
Fansher, A. K., Fleming, J. C., & Zedaker, S. B. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09806-5 · Cited by 1
“…operational stressors (e.g., exposure to violence, high caseloads, bureaucratic constraints) and organizational stressors (e.g., unclear guidance, excessive paperwork) (Gershon et al., 2009; Hall et al., 2010 ; Purba & Demou, 2019; Santa Maria et al., 2018; Shane, 2010; Violanti et al., 2017).”
Comparación de los estilos de vida saludable, género y relaciones familiares de policías municipales
Landeros-Velázquez, M. G., Orea-Zarate, J. D., Peredo–Rivera, E., Paredes-Linares, A. Y., & Gutiérrez‐García, A. G. (2025) · Diversitas · doi:10.15332/22563067.10951
“Los agentes de policía tienen un alto riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares (Zimmerman, 2012), así como estrés, ansiedad y depresión Nelson & Smith, 2016; Purba & Demou, 2019).”
Coping under pressure: police-specific stressors and mental health in Catalonia police forces
Moreno, A. F., Oliveira‐Silva, P., Hill, R., & Vilalta, S. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1800257
Dupont, C., & Martin, J. (2025) · International Journal of Social and Psychological Aspects of Healthcare · doi:10.51847/71xixafrxn
Feasibility of Mindfulness Training for Police Officers at the Spanish National Police Academy
Navarrete, J., García-Salvador, M. Á., Rodríguez‐Freire, C., Feliu‐Soler, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09818-1
Schade, S., & Thielgen, M. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-49902-0_2
Zeng, Q. (2026) · Journal of big data and computing. · doi:10.62517/jbdc.202601125
Szabó, C., & Udvardi-Zsoldos, P. (2026) · Belügyi Szemle · doi:10.38146/bsz-ajia.2026.v74.i5.pp1313-1328
Maurya, R. K., & Panchal, S. (2026) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2026.2690133
Building Trust, Handling Emotions, and Empowering Victims
Jarl, J., & Danell, J.-A. B. (2026) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing · doi:10.18261/njsp.13.1.9
“Purba and Demou (2019) report similar findings among domestic violence investigators, where officers described feeling exhausted after interactions with victims that required substantial emotional engagement, often referred to as emotional labor.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Purba, A., & Demou, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Demou, Evangelia
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2019-10-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1286-1286
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6792329
- OpenAlex
- W2980327373
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_13027)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- organisational stressors, police officers, psychological well-being, occupational stress, psychological distress, emotional exhaustion, job demands, lack of support, long working hours, administrative pressure, police mental health
- MeSH terms
- Occupational Stress, Mental Disorders, Humans, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Police
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![Fig. 1 Study selection PRISMA Flow Diagram [58]](/paper-figures/52bb994cdd934e22b6ce62a4dd89ade1/the-relationship-between-organisational-stressors-and-mental-wellbeing-within-figure-1.jpg)