Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: progress toward personalized management
Open accessAbstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To effectively prevent the development of CVDs in T2DM, considerable effort has been made to explore novel preventive approaches, individualized glycemic control and cardiovascular risk management (strict blood pressure and lipid control), together with recently developed glucose-lowering agents and lipid-lowering drugs. This review mainly addresses the important issues affecting the choice of antidiabetic agents and lipid, blood pressure and antiplatelet treatments considering the cardiovascular status of the patient. Finally, we also discuss the changes in therapy principles underlying CVDs in T2DM.
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Cardiovascular disease remains a significant threat in people with obesity and T2D, with a two to three times higher incidence compared to people without diabetes or obesity.
“Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant threat to people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), with a two to three times higher incidence compared to people without diabetes or obesity [1, 2].”
From Treatment with orforglipron, an oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is associated with improvements of CV risk biomarkers in participants with type 2 diabetes or obesity without diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
The ‘Current trends in the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in T2DM’ section states that global CVD incidence is 2–3 times higher among people with T2DM than among those without T2DM. It does not establish that comparison for people with obesity or against people without obesity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- [94]Cosentino F Grant PJ Aboyans V Bailey CJ Ceriello A Delgado V Federici M Filippatos G Grobbee DE Hansen TB 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD Eur Heart J 2020 41 2 255 323 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486 31497854 · DOI · Paper page
- [128]Disease C Management R Standards of medical care in diabetes-2019 Diabetes Care 2019 42 Suppl 1 S103 s123 30559236
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Sorted by citations
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Diabetes and its complications: molecular mechanisms, prevention and treatment
Zhao, L., Yuan, J., Yang, Q., Ma, J., Yang, F., Zou, Y., Liu, K., & Liu, F. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02401-w · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…as statins and PCSK9 inhibitors, particularly angiopoietin-like 3 antibodies and antisense oligonucleotide therapy, signi fi cantly reduce cardiovascular risk 76,259,260 and provide additional bene fi ts beyond cholesterol reduction, including anti-in fl ammatory and endothelial protective effects.”
Wang, Z., He, H., Xie, Y., Li, J., Luo, F., Sun, Z., Zheng, S., Yang, F., Li, X.-X., Chen, X., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02158-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Moreover, increasing research has revealed indicators of IR to be valuable predictors for the severity and prognosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) 、 heart failure 、 coronary heart disease (CHD) [8–10].”
BackgroundLiang, D., Cai, X., Guan, Q., Ou, Y., Zheng, X., & Lin, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1307432 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mao, T., Akshit, F. N. U., & Mohan, M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1199815 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
IL-17 in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) immunopathogenesis and complications; molecular approaches
Elahi, R., Nazari, M., Mohammadi, V., Esmaeilzadeh, K., & Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2024) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2024.03.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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“, 2018), responsible for most cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic complications (Ma et al., 2022).”
BackgroundBalogh, D. B., Wagner, L. J., & Fekete, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24097789 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Despite these gold-standard therapies reducing microvascular complications, the risk of CVD remains high, even in optimally managed patients [7,8].”
BackgroundAl-Saadde, D. L. G., Haider, A. M., Ali, A., Saleh, E. A. M., Jalil, A. T., Abdulelah, F. M., Romero‐Parra, R. M., Tayyib, N. A., Ramírez‐Coronel, A. A., & Alkhayyat, A. S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19826 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“There is a close relationship between CVDs and T2DM, this association is more highlighted in heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and peripheral artery diseases, which these complications are the main causes of death for at least 50% of patients with T2DM [4,5].”
BackgroundRetractedMolecular Mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes-Related Heart Disease and Therapeutic Insights
Giraldo, G. C., Román-Gonzaléz, A., Cañas, F., & García, A. M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26104548 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Coronary disease mechanisms can be seen in Figure 1 [8,10].”
Patoulias, D., Popovic, D. S., Stoian, A. P., Janež, A., Sahebkar, A., & Rizzo, M. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108529 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Spinetti, G., Mutoli, M., Greco, S., Riccio, F., Ben‐Aicha, S., Kenneweg, F., Jusić, A., de Gonzalo‐Calvo, D., Nossent, A. Y., Novella, S., et al. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01842-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Patti, A. M., Giglio, R. V., Allotta, A., Bruno, A., Bella, T. D., Stoian, A. P., Ciaccio, M., & Rizzo, M. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11051362 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic condition associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk [1].”
BackgroundTao, Z., Zuo, P., & Ma, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69712-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Abiola, J. O., Oluyemi, A. A., Idowu, O. T., Oyinloye, O. M., Ubah, C. S., Owolabi, O. V., Somade, O. T., Onikanni, S. A., Ajiboye, B. O., Osunsanmi, F. O., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17060736 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The major CVDs linked with T2DM include peripheral artery disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease, all of which can lead to death in no less than 50% of T2DM-affected persons [16].”
BackgroundTu, Q., Lin, S., Hyun, K. K., Hafiz, N., Manandi, D., Koh, A. S.-M., & Redfern, J. (2024) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2024.05.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The assessment included six domains: [1] random sequence generation; [2] allocation concealment; [3] blinding of participants and personnel; [4] blinding of outcome assessment; [5] incomplete outcome data; and [6] selective outcome reporting.”
BackgroundMethodAhmad, A., Mahmoud, A. M., Serry, Z. M. H., Mohamed, M. M., & Elghaffar, H. A. A. (2023) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2023.08.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wharton, S., Rosenstock, J., Konige, M., Lin, Y., Duffin, K., Wilson, J., Banerjee, H., Pirro, V., Kazda, C., & Mather, K. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02781-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant threat to people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), with a two to three times higher incidence compared to people without diabetes or obesity [1, 2].”
Jang, E. J., Lee, D. H., Im, S.-S., Yee, J., & Gwak, H. S. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15061778 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In clinical practice, substantial fluctuations in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C, %) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG, mg/dL) levels are frequently observed in patients treated with TZDs [12,13].”
BackgroundGonzález-Salvatierra, S., García‐Fontana, C., Lacal, J., Andújar-Vera, F., Martínez-Heredia, L., la Torre, R. S.-D., Ferrer-Millán, M., Moratalla-Aranda, E., Muñoz‐Torres, M., & García-Fontana, B. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-02043-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1] affecting approximately 35% of T2D patients [2].”
BackgroundAhmad, A., & Sabbour, H. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02192-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Qian, W., Xu, R., Shi, R., Li, Y., Guo, Y., Fang, H., Jiang, L., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01745-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“T2DM leads to cardiac stiffness, myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy by multiple mechanisms, such as hyperglycemia, systemic and cardiac insulin resistance, calcium disturbance in cardiomyocytes, inflammation, microvascular dysfunction and so on [21, 22], which put tremendous stress on the heart independently to other…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPaszek, E., Polak, M., Bryk, A. H., Konieczyńska, M., & Undas, A. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01905-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liu, T., Fan, Z., Li, Y., Xiao, B., & Chang, H. (2025) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133229 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRETRACTED: Analysis of risk factors of infection in diabetic foot patients
Hsu, L., Li, L., & Poon, L. Y. (2023) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.14411 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
RetractedModern Challenges in Type 2 Diabetes: Balancing New Medications with Multifactorial Care
Caturano, A., Galiero, R., Rocco, M. P., Tagliaferri, G., Piacevole, A., Nilo, D., Lorenzo, G. D., Sardu, C., Vetrano, E., Monda, M., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12092039 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This shift from a glucocentric approach has been crucial in reducing both microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients [197,198].”
BackgroundMoreno‐Vedia, J., Llop, D., Rodríguez‐Calvo, R., Plana, N., Amigó, N., Rosales, R., Esteban, Y., Girona, J., Masana, L., & Ibarretxe, D. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01958-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In fact, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, is two times more likely to occur in patients with T2D [13] and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally [14].”
BackgroundXiao, P., Yuan, H., Liu, H., Guo, C., Feng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhao, B., Yin, T., Zhang, Y. X., He, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.01.090 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lin, Z., Wang, F., Yan, Y., Jin, J., Quan, Z., Tong, H., & Du, J. (2023) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7901 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“So far, controlling hyperglycemia in T2DM patients is the main way to minimize the risk of diabetic cardiovascular complications, with metformin as typically first-line therapeutic drug, followed by second-line and third-line medication including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), α-glucosidase in…”
BackgroundKeivanlou, M., Amini‐Salehi, E., Hassanipour, S., Zare, R., Mohammadi‐Vajari, E., Hashemi, M., Salari, A., & Porteghali, P. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733998284844240102110559 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kato, S. E. M., Matsumura, T., Sugawa, H., & Nagai, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69822-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The risk of developing microvascular complications increases with increasing blood glucose levels, whereas macrovascular complications are influenced by blood glucose levels, high blood pressure, and obesity 4,5 .”
BackgroundAn integrated machine learning and fractional calculus approach to predicting diabetes risk in women
Amilo, D., Sadri, K., Hınçal, E., Farman, M. T., Nisar, K. S., & Hafez, M. M. (2025) · Healthcare Analytics · doi:10.1016/j.health.2025.100402 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Alkubati, S. A., Albagawi, B. S., Alharbi, T. A. F., Alharbi, H. F., Alrasheeday, A., Llego, J. H., Dando, L. L., & Al-Sadi, A. K. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105902 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Endothelial progenitor cells as biomarkers of diabetes-related cardiovascular complications
Benítez-Camacho, J., Ballesteros, A., Beltrán-Camacho, L., Rojas-Torres, M., Rosal‐Vela, A., Jiménez-Palomares, M., Sánchez-Gomar, I., & Durán-Ruiz, M. C. (2023) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03537-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In contrast, T2DM takes place when the body cannot respond fully to insulin, followed by an increase in insulin production and subsequent insulin deficiency, heading to a permanent hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance [7].”
BackgroundLee, J. H., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Kwon, Y., & Lee, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16203551 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Additionally, individuals without diabetes or dyslipidemia and with fewer metabolic disturbances may experience improved metabolic flexibility, making the benefits of the MD more pronounced [35,36].”
The immunology of diabetic cardiomyopathy
Song, M., Dai, H., Zhou, Q., & Meng, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1542208 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Brecht, P., Dring, J. C., Yanez, F., Styczeń, A., Mertowska, P., Mertowski, S., & Grywalska, E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15143264 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Various factors contribute to the development of CVD, including family history [10], age and gender [11], high blood pressure [12], high cholesterol [13], smoking [14], diabetes [15,16], obesity and overweight [17–19], physical inactivity [20], unhealthy diet [21], and stress [22,23].”
Background1,3,4-Oxadiazole Scaffold in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: An Overview
Gupta, O., Chawla, G., & Pradhan, T. (2024) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0113895575298181240410041029 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Protection of diabetes in aortic abdominal aneurysm: Are antidiabetics the real effectors?
Picatoste, B., Cerro-Pardo, I., Blanco‐Colio, L. M., & Martı́n-Ventura, J. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1112430 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liu, T., Fan, Z., Xiao, B., Chang, H., & Wang, S. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02200-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become one of the primary comorbidities of T2D, and accounts for at least 50% of deaths in T2D patients [2, 3].”
BackgroundElashi, A. A., Toor, S. M., Umlai, U. I., Al-Sarraj, Y. A., Taheri, S., Suhre, K., Abou‐Samra, A., & Albagha, O. (2024) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-024-01855-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Individuals with T2D exhibit macrovascular complications, including cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in T2D [3].”
BackgroundLu, Q., Liang, Q., & Xi, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1419747 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of chitosan guanidine on blood glucose regulation and gut microbiota in T2DM
Liu, Y., Miao, Q., Liu, Y., & Jiang, M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135422 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Notariale, R., Moriello, C., Alessio, N., Vecchio, V. D., Mele, L. L., Perrone, P., & Manna, C. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103783 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Furthermore, cardiovascular dysfunction represents one severe consequence of DM, associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [6,7].”
Cosma-Lăzuran, R., Leucuta, D., & Popoviciu, M. S. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61081433 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These include heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease, accounting for more than 50% of all deaths in this population [2].”
GLP-1 receptor agonists synergistic effects of metabolic reprogramming and cardioprotection
Wang, X., Qi, M., Yang, L., Yang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, F., Cui, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Y., & Lv, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1614726 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Abuduaini, B., Yang, L., Jiamali, N., Seyiti, Z., Shan, X., & Gao, X.-M. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s408766 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Maternal methyl donor supplementation: A potential therapy for metabolic disorder in offspring
Ren, Y., Zeng, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Xiao, X. (2023) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109533 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hu, J., Wang, X., Cheng, L., Dang, K., Zhu, M., Tao, X., Xu, X., Sarker, S. K., & Li, Y. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01261-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A combination of diabetes mellitus and CVD is multifactorial, and controlling cardiovascular risk factors can significantly reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events [5–7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationUlambayar, B., Ghanem, A. S., Kovács, N., Trefán, L., Móré, M., & Nagy, A. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1263365 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“CVD complications among DM patients may be prevented by lifestyle modi fi cation and proper medication (11, 12).”
Reurean‐Pintilei, D., Potcovaru, C.-G., Salmen, T., Mititelu-Tarțău, L., Cinteză, D., Lazăr, S., Stoian, A. P., Timar, R. Z., & Timar, B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082196 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dietary Modulations in Preventing Cardiometabolic Risk in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
Dal, N., & Bilici, S. (2024) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-024-00541-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Elevated blood glucose is strongly associated with the risk of both macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with T2DM [13].”
BackgroundLi, P., Qiao, Q., Nie, C., Guo, X., Wang, C., Liu, J., & Liang, K. (2024) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01671-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Consequently, diabetes and its related complications impose a significant economic burden on society and significantly affect the quality of life of patients [4, 5].”
BackgroundSaadati, S., Cameron, J. D., Menon, K., Hodge, A. D., Lu, Z. X., de Courten, M., Feehan, J., & de Courten, B. V. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224835 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“T2DM significantly increases chronic disease risk and is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) [2].”
BackgroundYang, Y., He, L., Liu, P., Wang, J., Yang, N., Li, Z., Ping, F., Xu, L., Li, W., Zhang, H., et al. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15342 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThal, S. C., Shityakov, S., Salvador, E., & Förster, C. Y. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15040499 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Although historically associated with older populations, the prevalence of T2DM has risen rapidly in younger individuals, including children and adolescents, making it a significant global health challenge in the 21st century [5].”
Wang, H., Zu, Q., Tang, H., Lu, M., Chen, R., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01962-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The global burden of CVD is disproportionately borne by patients with DM [2].”
BackgroundDehnavi, A. Z., Zhang‐James, Y., Draytsel, D. Y., Carguello, B., Faraone, S. V., & Weinstock, R. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2023.100318 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Cardiovascular comorbidities and complications are common in adults with T2D and are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality [41,42].”
BackgroundKaur, U., Pathak, B. K., Meerashahib, T. J., Krishna, D. V. V., & Chakrabarti, S. S. (2024) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-024-01351-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure and ischemic heart disease, which are also the major cause of mortality in diabetes [3].”
Wu, H., Wei, J., Wang, S., Chen, W., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Wang, N., & Tan, X. Y. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103066 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Szydełko, J., Czop, M., Petniak, A., Lenart-Lipińska, M., Kocki, J., Zapolski, T., & Matyjaszek‐Matuszek, B. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02374-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Additionally, the mortality of patients with T2DM is considerably higher in the presence of cardiovascular diseases, accounting for more than 50% of all deaths in this population [2].”
BackgroundBone proteins are associated with cardiovascular risk according to the SCORE2-Diabetes algorithm
González-Salvatierra, S., García‐Martin, A., García-Fontana, B., Martínez-Heredia, L., García‐Fontana, C., & Muñoz‐Torres, M. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02406-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hejazi, N., Ghalandari, H., Rahmanian, R., Jahromi, F. H., Makhtoomi, M., Asadi, A., & Askarpour, M. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.09.014 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The role of GRB2 in diabetes, diabetes complications and related disorders
Ma, J., Dong, Y., Liu, J., Gao, S., & Quan, J. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“7 This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding on the role of GRB2 in diabetes, diabetes complications and related disorders, alongside recent advances in the development of GRB2-targeted therapies.”
Miceli, G., Basso, M. G., Pennacchio, A. R., Cocciola, E., Pintus, C., Cuffaro, M., Profita, M., Rizzo, G., Sferruzza, M., & Tuttolomondo, A. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60111796 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“T2DM is one of the main risk factors for ATS, as demonstrated by a higher incidence of the disease in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic [44].”
Shah, M. U., Roebuck, A., Srinivasan, B., Ward, J. K., Squires, P. E., Hills, C. E., & Lee, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1499681 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cheung, Q. C. K., Wharton, S., Josse, A. R., & Kuk, J. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319617 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…promoting healthy lifestyles, contributing to higher rates of CVD risk factors and potentially delayed diagnosis and treatment [44–46, 52 Studies reveal that individuals with T2D and hypertension exhibit significantly elevated prevalent CVD and CVD mortality rates compared to those without [39,54].”
Ofori, E. K., Buabeng, A., Amanquah, S. D., Danquah, K. O., Amponsah, S. K., Wormenor, D., Dogodzi, F. K., Adusu‐Donkor, L. X., Bernard, S. K., & Asare‐Anane, H. (2023) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.418 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vajdi, M., Noshadi, N., Bonyadian, A., Golpour-Hamedani, S., Alipour, B., Tabrizi, F. P. F., Farhangi, M. A., & Askari, G. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36649 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by both high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and glucose intolerance, caused by the body ’ s impaired response to insulin, leading to increased insulin production and eventually an insulin deficiency [1].”
BackgroundQaed, E., Aldahmash, W., & Mahyoub, M. A. (2025) · Glycoconjugate Journal · doi:10.1007/s10719-025-10194-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Understanding the systemic manifestations of DM is essential for healthcare providers to provide comprehensive care and prevent further complications in affected individuals [14, 15 ].”
Verma, S., Sabbour, H. M., Alamuddin, N., Alawadi, F., Alkandari, H., Almahmeed, W. A., Assaad-Khalil, S. H., HADDAD, J. A., Lombard, L., Malik, R. A., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“2 Globally, 32%-35% of people with T2D are estimated to have cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to one observational study and a systematic review of the literature 3,4 ; however, of the 60 studies included in the review, only five were from the Middle East and Africa.”
Seksaria, S., Dutta, B. J., Kaur, M., Gupta, G. D., Bodakhe, S. H., & Singh, A. (2023) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399820666230809152148 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nikooyeh, B., Zargaraan, A., Ebrahimof, S., Kalayi, A., Zahedirad, M., Yazdani, H., Rismanchi, M., Karami, T., Khazraei, M., Jafarpour, A., et al. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01409-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“A huge body of evidence indicates that replacement of saturated fats with liquid plant oils containing mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs and PUFAs, respectively) may be accompanied by reduced risk of CVD [13], the primary cause of mortality in T2D [2].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Liu, J., He, H., Qin, M., Lei, H., Meng, J., Liu, C., Chen, X., Luo, W., & Zhong, S. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-02102-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Globally, cardiovascular disease affects approximately 32.2% of all persons with T2DM, and the major cause of death for T2DM patients is cardiovascular disease [67, 68].”
BackgroundInfluentialKwan, S. H., & de Mejı́a, E. G. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16020329 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease are common complications experienced by patients with T2D [7,8].”
BackgroundJin, Y., Wan, K., Liu, C., Cheng, W., & Wang, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1401342 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Individuals with T2D have a substantially heightened predisposition to cardiovascular diseases, exposing them to increased risks of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke (4).”
BackgroundGenetic Susceptibility of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Ercegović, V., Džimbeg, M., & Gelemanović, A. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6020011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tiandho, Y., Afriani, F., Iskandar, J., Gumilar, G., Widianto, E., Muslihati, A., Mahardika, R. G., & Suprijadi (2025) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2025.115382 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lascu, A., Ionică, L. N., Buriman, D. G., Merce, A. P., Deaconu, L., Borza, C., Cretu, O. M., Sturza, A., Muntean, D. M., & Feier, H. B. (2022) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-022-04633-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ooi, Y., Sarvanandan, T., Hee, N. K. Y., Lim, Q., Paramasivam, S. S., Ratnasingam, J., Vethakkan, S. R., Lim, S. K., & Lim, L. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2023.0244 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a large gap remains in the incidence of ASCVD, CKD and mortality between people with and without T2DM [22,23].”
Zhao, M., Dong, Y., Chen, L., & Shen, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305954 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aa, B., Serova, M., Chashkina, M. I., Kosharnaia, R. S., Salpagarova, Z. K., Andreev, D. A., & Giverts, I. (2024) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2024.06 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“41 The risk of developing CHF is 2–5 times higher in patients with T2D than in those without the condition.”
Mazaheri, F., Hoseini, R., & Gharzi, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81230-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chen, B., Tao, L., Tian, M., & Ji, Z. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.01.056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bruss, M. D., Elliehausen, C. J., Clark, J. P., Minton, D. M., & Konopka, A. R. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00432.2025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pescariu, S. A., Elagez, A., Nallapati, B., Bratosin, F., Bucur, A., Negru, A. G., Gaiţă, L., Citu, I. M., Popa, Z. L., & Barata, P. I. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17070929 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beyond Blood Sugar: How Left Atrium Strain Predicts Cardiac Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Benchea, L.-C., Anghel, L., Zăvoi, A., Chiuariu, T., Bîrgoan, S.-G., Sascău, R. A., & Stătescu, C. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12081690 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Consequently, incorporating STE into routine cardiac evaluation for T2DM patients enhances the detection of early myocardial dysfunction and guides more precise clinical decision-making [3,4].”
BackgroundMethodKong, Y., Luo, Q., Zhang, Q., & Wei, Q. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01705-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In individuals with diabetes, CVD is the predominant factor contributing to a heightened risk of premature mortality [7].”
Yang, X., Xue, C., Chen, K., Gao, D., Wang, H., & Tang, C. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1339744 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Li, C., Fu, J., Ye, Y., Li, J., He, Y., & Fang, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1360525 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Choi, S., Haam, C. E., Byeon, S., Oh, E. Y., Choi, S. K., & Lee, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316873 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Normal distribution of the data was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKanagala, A., & Harsoda, J. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.59776 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Autonomic dysfunction, which shows up as problems controlling heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and vascular tone [5,6], is a major cause of the higher risk of heart disease in people with T2DM.”
BackgroundZou, Y. L., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Zhao, W., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1660319 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Antidiabetic actions of GPR55 agonist Abn-CBD and sitagliptin in obese-diabetic high fat fed mice
McCloskey, A. G., Miskelly, M. G., Lafferty, R. A., Flatt, P. R., & McKillop, A. M. (2022) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115398 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gong, A., Fu, W., Li, H., Guo, N., & Pan, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1364519 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Savvopoulos, S., Hatzikirou, H., & Jelinek, H. F. (2024) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.1177/11772719231222111 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The no diabetes group showed an increased TC, LDL, GSH, GSSG, IL-1 β , IL-10, and MCP-1 compared to the other groups.”
InfluentialJiang, P., Di, Z.-H., Huang, W., & Xie, L. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29122747 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“CVDs are a kind of macrovascular complication and a leading contributor to the mortality of T2DM patients [32].”
BackgroundPark, M., Mun, S., Zhuang, W., Jeong, J., Kim, H. R., Park, H., Han, E.-T., Han, J., Chun, W., Li, H., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176589 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ma, C.-X., Ma, X.-N., Guan, C.-H., Li, Y.-D., Mauricio, D., & Fu, S.-B.
- Venue
- Cardiovascular Diabetology
- Published
- 2022-05-14
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-74
- ISSN
- 1475-2840 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9107726
- OpenAlex
- W4280586315
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cardiovascular Diabetology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Lanzhou University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- the Lanzhou Chengguan District Science and Technology Plan Project (2021-9-19)
- the hospital fund of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University (ldyyyn2020-93)
- the Construction Program of Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Endocrine Diseases (20JR10FA667)
- the Special Funds of Science and Technology Development of the Chinese Central Government to guide Local (1004TCYA032)
- the Gansu Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20JR10RA681)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, personalized medicine, cardiovascular risk management, glycemic control, blood pressure control, lipid-lowering therapy, glucose-lowering agents, antiplatelet therapy, cardiovascular disease prevention, low- and middle-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Lipids
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