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Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods
Open accessAbstract
Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, the focus is gradually shifting from viable probiotic bacteria towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or probiotics derived biomolecules, so-called postbiotics. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics are the emerging concepts in the functional foods field because they impart an array of health-promoting properties. Although, these terms are not well defined, however, for time being these terms have been defined as here. The postbiotics are the complex mixture of metabolic products secreted by probiotics in cell-free supernatants such as enzymes, secreted proteins, short chain fatty acids, vitamins, secreted biosurfactants, amino acids, peptides, organic acids, etc. While, the paraprobiotics are the inactivated microbial cells of probiotics (intact or ruptured containing cell components such as peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, surface proteins, etc.) or crude cell extracts (i.e. with complex chemical composition)". However, in many instances postbiotics have been used for whole category of postbiotics and parabiotics. These elicit several advantages over probiotics like; (i) availability in their pure form, (ii) ease in production and storage, (iii) availability of production process for industrial-scale-up, (iv) specific mechanism of action, (v) better accessibility of Microbes Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) during recognition and interaction with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and (vi) more likely to trigger only the targeted responses by specific ligand-receptor interactions. The current review comprehensively summarizes and discussed various methodologies implied to extract, purify, and identification of paraprobiotic and postbiotic compounds and their potential health benefits.
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![Fig. 2 Process flow line for production and characterization of heat killed cells and cell free supernatant [170]. (* denote that the use of different time–temperature combinations to ensure complete lethal effect)](/paper-figures/29b7eba6a4354ffbb314c2945a164993/postbiotics-parabiotics-the-new-horizons-in-microbial-biotherapy-and-functional-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Production and characterization flow line of cell wall bound and intracellular biosurfactants [77, 171, 172]](/paper-figures/77e1fa760970412b853f82d73d673ce9/postbiotics-parabiotics-the-new-horizons-in-microbial-biotherapy-and-functional-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 An outline on extraction and characterization of EPS from whey-based medium [74]](/paper-figures/8b0682317bf940daa98829728294afeb/postbiotics-parabiotics-the-new-horizons-in-microbial-biotherapy-and-functional-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 6 Brief overview of the extraction and characterization of surface proteins associated with lactobacilli [173]](/paper-figures/09033f6882724699b5093644ed570aa6/postbiotics-parabiotics-the-new-horizons-in-microbial-biotherapy-and-functional-figure-6.jpg)
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“Several LAB species, particularly those of the genus Lactobacillus, are capable of producing EPSs, and some of the EPSs identified to date by LAB have been shown to have biological functions, such as free radical scavenging, free cholesterol binding, gut microbiota modulation, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties [8,15,16].”
From Analysis of Chemical Structure and Antibiofilm Properties of Exopolysaccharides from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EIR/IF-1 Postbiotics (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Several LAB species, particularly those of the genus Lactobacillus, are capable of producing EPSs, and some of the EPSs identified to date by LAB have been shown to have biological functions”
From Analysis of Chemical Structure and Antibiofilm Properties of Exopolysaccharides from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EIR/IF-1 Postbiotics (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cited by
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Lactobacillus spp. for Gastrointestinal Health: Current and Future Perspectives
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nataraj, B. H., Ali, S. A., Behare, P. V., & Yadav, H.
- Affiliations
- National Dairy Research Institute (IN)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Behare, Pradip V.
- Yadav, Hariom
- Venue
- Microbial Cell Factories
- Published
- 2020-08-20
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 168-168
- ISSN
- 1475-2859 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7441679
- OpenAlex
- W3059301501
- Cited by
- 737
- References
- 216
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 6.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microbial Cell Factories (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01AG018915, P30AG21332, UL1TR001420)
- Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0236)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- postbiotics, paraprobiotics, probiotics, functional foods, cell-free supernatant, microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, biosurfactants, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, pattern recognition receptors, microbe-associated molecular patterns, health-promoting properties
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bacteria, Biological Products, Biological Therapy, Insurance Benefits, Probiotics, Microbial Viability, Functional Food
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