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Cited by 130Influenza Virus Research StudiesImmune responses and vaccinationsT-cell and B-cell Immunology

Aging induces B cell defects and decreased antibody responses to influenza infection and vaccination

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Frasca, Daniela, Blomberg, Bonnie B.·2020·Immunity & Ageing
DOI 10.1186/s12979-020-00210-zPMC PMC7674578
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Abstract

Background: Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the capacity of the immune system to fight influenza virus infection and to respond to vaccination. Among the several factors involved, in addition to increased frailty and high-risk conditions, the age-associated decrease in cellular and humoral immune responses plays a relevant role. This is in large part due to inflammaging, the chronic low-grade inflammatory status of the elderly, associated with intrinsic inflammation of the immune cells and decreased immune function. Results: Aging is usually associated with reduced influenza virus-specific and influenza vaccine-specific antibody responses but some elderly individuals with higher pre-exposure antibody titers, due to a previous infection or vaccination, have less probability to get infected. Examples of this exception are the elderly individuals infected during the 2009 pandemic season who made antibodies with broader epitope recognition and higher avidity than those made by younger individuals. Several studies have allowed the identification of B cell intrinsic defects accounting for sub-optimal antibody responses of elderly individuals. These defects include 1) reduced class switch recombination, responsible for the generation of a secondary response of class switched antibodies, 2) reduced de novo somatic hypermutation of the antibody variable region, 3) reduced binding and neutralization capacity, as well as binding specificity, of the secreted antibodies, 4) increased epigenetic modifications that are associated with lower antibody responses, 5) increased frequencies of inflammatory B cell subsets, and 6) shorter telomeres. Conclusions: Although influenza vaccination represents the most effective way to prevent influenza infection, vaccines with greater immunogenicity are needed to improve the response of elderly individuals. Recent advances in technology have made possible a broad approach to better understand the age-associated changes in immune cells, needed to design tailored vaccines and effective therapeutic strategies that will be able to improve the immune response of vulnerable individuals.

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  • During ageing, remodelling of peripheral B cell subsets occurs with a decline in B cell production in the bone marrow and expansion of atypical B cell subsets such as ABCs and DN B cells.

    “During ageing, a remodelling of peripheral B cell subsets occurs with a decline in B cell production in the bone marrow and the expansion of atypical B cell subsets, such as age-associated B cells (ABCs) and double-negative (DN) B cells.”

    From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [66]

    The “Age effects on B cell subsets” section describes age-related redistribution of peripheral B cell subsets and a significant expansion of DN B cells; it also identifies DN B cells as the human equivalent of mouse ABCs. It does not state that B cell production in the bone marrow declines with age, so that part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Advancing age is accompanied by profound qualitative changes in the peripheral B cell repertoire with reduced clonotypic diversity and a shift towards autoreactive specificities.

    “Advancing age is accompanied by profound qualitative changes in the peripheral B cell repertoire with reduced clonotypic diversity and a shift towards autoreactive specificities [65 -68].”

    From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [66]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Frasca, D., & Blomberg, B. B.
Affiliations
University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author
Frasca, Daniela
ORCID
Venue
Immunity & Ageing
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-11-19
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
37-37
ISSN
1742-4933 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12979-020-00210-z
PMC
PMC7674578
OpenAlex
W3102850153
Cited by
130
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18
FWCI
2.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Immunity & Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (AG32576, AG059719, AG023717)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
immunosenescence, B cell defect, influenza vaccination, influenza, antibody response, inflammaging, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, antibody neutralization, epigenetic modifications, telomere shortening, 2009 H1N1 pandemic, vaccine immunogenicity

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