Apoptosis and other immune biomarkers predict influenza vaccine responsiveness
Open accessAbstract
Despite the importance of the immune system in many diseases, there are currently no objective benchmarks of immunological health. In an effort to identifying such markers, we used influenza vaccination in 30 young (20–30 years) and 59 older subjects (60 to >89 years) as models for strong and weak immune responses, respectively, and assayed their serological responses to influenza strains as well as a wide variety of other parameters, including gene expression, antibodies to hemagglutinin peptides, serum cytokines, cell subset phenotypes and in vitro cytokine stimulation. Using machine learning, we identified nine variables that predict the antibody response with 84% accuracy. Two of these variables are involved in apoptosis, which positively associated with the response to vaccination and was confirmed to be a contributor to vaccine responsiveness in mice. The identification of these biomarkers provides new insights into what immune features may be most important for immune health. A systems analysis of immune biomarkers in 89 young and older adults revealed age‐dependent and age‐independent features, including markers of apoptosis that correlated with antibody responses to a seasonal influenza vaccine. A systems analysis of immune biomarkers in 89 young and older adults revealed age‐dependent and age‐independent features, including markers of apoptosis that correlated with antibody responses to a seasonal influenza vaccine.
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Cytokine stimulation assays have proven utility for assessing overall immune competence.
“Despite the proven utility of cytokine stimulation assays used in our study with respect to an individual’s overall immune competence5,24,25”
From An inflammatory aging clock (iAge) based on deep learning tracks multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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Shen-Orr, S. S., & Furman, D. (2013) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationVerschoor, C. P., Lelic, A., Parsons, R., Evelegh, C., Bramson, J. L., Johnstone, J., Loeb, M. B., & Bowdish, D. M. E. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jix257 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Furman, D., Jojic, V., Kidd, B., Shen‐Orr, S., Price, J., Jarrell, J., Tse, T., Huang, H., Lund, P., Maecker, H. T., Utz, P. J., Dekker, C. L., Koller, D., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Mark M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Systems Biology
- Published
- 2013-04-16
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 659-659
- ISSN
- 1744-4292 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3658270
- OpenAlex
- W2099615297
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 15.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Systems Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Ellison Medical Foundation (AG-SS-1788)
- Stanford Center on Longevity
- Donald E. and Delia B. Baxter Foundation
- European Commission (2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, 261382, FP7/2007)
- National Institutes of Health (FP7/2007-2013, RR-00070, AI050864, AI057229, AI090019)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI050864, U19AI090019, U19AI057229, T32AI007290)
- National Center for Research Resources (M-01 RR 00070, M01RR000070)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- influenza vaccination, vaccine response, apoptosis, immunological markers, antibody response, seasonal influenza, age-related immunity, serological response, hemagglutinin antibodies, serum cytokines, gene expression, machine learning prediction, immune health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Artificial Intelligence, Female, Humans, Influenza, Human, Influenza Vaccines, Male, Middle Aged, Influenza A virus, Prognosis, Vaccination, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Apoptosis, Vaccines, Subunit, Mice, Immunity, Humoral
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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