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Size dependent translocation and fetal accumulation of gold nanoparticles from maternal blood in the rat

Semmler-Behnke, Manuela, Lipka, Jens, Wenk, Alexander, Hirn, Stephanie, Schäffler, Martin, Tian, Furong, Schmid, Günter, Oberdörster, Günter, Kreyling, Wolfgang G·2014·Particle and Fibre Toxicology
DOI 10.1186/s12989-014-0033-9PMC PMC4445676
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Figure 1 Schematics of potential NP transport including the uterine wall, the amniotic membrane enclosing the individual fetus and the placental barrier; potential NP transport pathways: (1) across the trophoblastic layers and through their transtrophoblastic channels within the placenta and (2) across the uterine wall and amniotic membrane. Hemotrichorial rat placentas are reported to have transtrophoblastic canaliculi of about 20¿25 nm diameter through the trophoblastic layers II and III connecting maternal and fetal blood across the placental barrier [29],[31]. There is convincing evidence that these channels are continuous [30],[33] and are also present in the human placenta. At gestation day 18?±?1 the yolk sac has considerably shrunk and is not shown in these schematics.
Figure 1 Schematics of potential NP transport including the uterine wall, the amniotic membrane enclosing the individual fetus and the placental barrier; potential NP transport pathways: (1) across the trophoblastic layers and through their transtrophoblastic channels within the placenta and (2) across the uterine wall and amniotic membrane. Hemotrichorial rat placentas are reported to have transtrophoblastic canaliculi of about 20¿25 nm diameter through the trophoblastic layers II and III connecting maternal and fetal blood across the placental barrier [29],[31]. There is convincing evidence that these channels are continuous [30],[33] and are also present in the human placenta. At gestation day 18?±?1 the yolk sac has considerably shrunk and is not shown in these schematics.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Comparison of pregnant versus non-pregnant rats: comparison of 24-hour retained198AuNP fractions relative to the initially administered dose in either pregnant rats in their 3rdtrimester or non-pregnant controls: upper panel 1.4 nm AuNP; middle panel 18 nm AuNP; lower panel 80 nm AuNP. Note that fractions are 198Au radioactivity- and, hence, Au-mass based. Compartments are the (A) mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS consisting of liver, spleen, lungs), (B) the remaining carcass (remainder) including skeleton, soft tissues, skin and all other organs and (C) the uterus with or without the progeny. MPS and remainder samples were corrected for 198AuNP in the remaining blood. Note the uterus of the pregnant rats comprises of the uterine walls, the placentas and all amnions with fetuses. Data are given as fractions of the intravenously injected 198AuNP doses. (n?=?4; * p?<?0.05; ** p?<?0.01; *** p?<?0.001; **** p?<?=0.0001). Statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Sidak¿s multiple comparisons test.
Figure 2 Comparison of pregnant versus non-pregnant rats: comparison of 24-hour retained198AuNP fractions relative to the initially administered dose in either pregnant rats in their 3rdtrimester or non-pregnant controls: upper panel 1.4 nm AuNP; middle panel 18 nm AuNP; lower panel 80 nm AuNP. Note that fractions are 198Au radioactivity- and, hence, Au-mass based. Compartments are the (A) mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS consisting of liver, spleen, lungs), (B) the remaining carcass (remainder) including skeleton, soft tissues, skin and all other organs and (C) the uterus with or without the progeny. MPS and remainder samples were corrected for 198AuNP in the remaining blood. Note the uterus of the pregnant rats comprises of the uterine walls, the placentas and all amnions with fetuses. Data are given as fractions of the intravenously injected 198AuNP doses. (n?=?4; * p?<?0.05; ** p?<?0.01; *** p?<?0.001; **** p?<?=0.0001). Statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Sidak¿s multiple comparisons test.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Twenty-four-hour fractional retention of198AuNP relative to the initially administered dose in blood, uterus and progeny of pregnant rats on day 18 ± 1 of gestation: fractions of198AuNP in blood and the various intra-uterine compartments: total blood, uterine wall, placentas + umbilical cords + amniotic membranes, total amniotic fluid and all fetuses. (nd = below detection limit of gamma-spectrometer; i.e. < 0.3 ng of 80 nm AuNP corresponding to <5 x 105 80 nm AuNP). Mean values ± SEM are given, n = 4 rats. Results of the statistical ANOVA analysis are given in Table 1.
Figure 3 Twenty-four-hour fractional retention of198AuNP relative to the initially administered dose in blood, uterus and progeny of pregnant rats on day 18 ± 1 of gestation: fractions of198AuNP in blood and the various intra-uterine compartments: total blood, uterine wall, placentas + umbilical cords + amniotic membranes, total amniotic fluid and all fetuses. (nd = below detection limit of gamma-spectrometer; i.e. < 0.3 ng of 80 nm AuNP corresponding to <5 x 105 80 nm AuNP). Mean values ± SEM are given, n = 4 rats. Results of the statistical ANOVA analysis are given in Table 1.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Semmler-Behnke, M., Lipka, J., Wenk, A., Hirn, S., Schäffler, M., Tian, F., Schmid, G., Oberdörster, G., & Kreyling, W. G.
Venue
Particle and Fibre Toxicology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-09-10
Volume
11
Issue
1
ISSN
1743-8977
DOI
10.1186/s12989-014-0033-9
PMC
PMC4445676
Cited by
135
References
3
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)

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