CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 20Vector-borne infectious diseasesResearch on Leishmaniasis StudiesBartonella species infections research

Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne pathogens in cats living in Germany (2012–2020)

Open access
Schäfer, Ingo, Kohn, Barbara, Volkmann, Maria, Müller, Elisabeth·2021·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/s13071-021-04628-2PMC PMC7905428

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Blood-feeding arthropods can transmit parasitic, bacterial, or viral pathogens to domestic animals and wildlife. Vector-borne infections are gaining significance because of increasing travel and import of pets from abroad as well as the changing climate in Europe. The main objective of this study was to assess the percentage of cats with positive test results for selected vector-borne pathogens in Germany and explore any possible association of such results with time spent abroad. Methods: This retrospective study included test results from cats included in the “Feline Travel Profile” established by the LABOKLIN laboratory at the request of veterinarians in Germany between April 2012 and March 2020. This diagnostic panel includes the direct detection of Hepatozoon spp. and Dirofilaria spp. via PCR as well as indirect detection assays (IFAT) for Ehrlichia spp. and Leishmania spp. The panel was expanded to include an IFAT for Rickettsia spp. from July 2015 onwards. Results: A total of 624 cats were tested using the “Feline Travel Profile.” Serum for indirect detection assays was available for all 624 cats; EDTA samples for direct detection methods were available from 618 cats. Positive test results were as follows: Ehrlichia spp. IFAT 73 out of 624 (12%), Leishmania spp. IFAT 22 out of 624 (4%), Hepatozoon spp. PCR 53 out of 618 (9%), Dirofilaria spp. PCR 1 out of 618 cats (0.2%), and Rickettsia spp. IFAT 52 out of 467 cats (11%) tested from July 2015 onwards. Three cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen before 2015. After testing for Rickettsia spp. was included in 2015, 19 cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen ( Rickettsia spp. were involved in 14 out of these 19 cats). Conclusions: At least one pathogen could be detected in 175 out of 624 cats (28%) via indirect and/or direct detection methods. Four percent had positive test results for more than one pathogen. These data emphasize the importance of considering the above-mentioned vector-borne infections as potential differential diagnoses in clinically symptomatic cats. Graphical Abstract:

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a retrospective German laboratory dataset of 624 cats tested with a “Feline Travel Profile” (2012–2020), 28% had positive results for at least one selected vector-borne pathogen and 4% for more than one. Most cats with known travel history had been imported or traveled abroad, and the study found no evidence of autochthonous infections in cats within Germany.

Key findings

  • Overall, 175/624 cats (28%) tested positive for at least one pathogen, and 22/624 (4%) for more than one. Pathogen-specific positives were: *Ehrlichia* spp. IFAT 73/624 (12%), *Leishmania* spp. IFAT 22/624 (4%), *Hepatozoon* spp. PCR 53/618 (9%), *Dirofilaria* spp. PCR 1/618 (0.2%), and *Rickettsia* spp. IFAT 52/467 (11%).
  • Among 363 cats with known stays abroad, 110 (30%) were positive; Spain (158/363, 44%), Greece (53/363, 15%), and Romania (33/363, 9%) were most frequently named, and 356/363 (98%) were imported to Germany.
  • After *Rickettsia* testing was added in 2015, 19 cats had more than one pathogen detected, with *Rickettsia* involved in 14/19 (74%); three cats had three pathogens. Species differentiation identified *H. felis* in 7/53 *Hepatozoon*-positive cats.
  • Eight cats had no travel history; four of these had *Rickettsia* antibodies. The authors state the study provides no evidence of autochthonous infections in cats within Germany.

Methods

  • Retrospective evaluation of “Feline Travel Profile” results from samples submitted by veterinarians in Germany to the LABOKLIN laboratory (Bad Kissingen) between April 2012 and March 2020; 624 cats were included.
  • The panel included PCR for *Hepatozoon* spp. (18S rRNA) and *Dirofilaria* spp. (5.8S rDNA) on EDTA blood, plus IFAT for *Ehrlichia* spp. (≥ 1:40), *Leishmania* spp. (> 1:64), and *Rickettsia* spp. (> 1:128) from July 2015 onward; serum was available for all 624 cats and EDTA samples for 618.
  • Travel history was collected where possible via questionnaires and telephone calls to treating veterinarians; analysis was descriptive using SPSS version 27.0.

Limitations

  • Stated: retrospective design with no consistent histories; limited number of pathogens included; no species differentiation except for seven *H. felis* positives; no information on ectoparasite prophylaxis; travel duration and season were not reliably documented; histories included only countries of stays abroad.
  • Stated diagnostic limitations: indirect IFAT detects IgG antibodies, not necessarily disease; possible cross-reactivity (e.g., among *Ehrlichia* species, *Anaplasma*, and spotted fever group *Rickettsia*) and false negatives in very young, immunosuppressed, or pre-seroconversion animals.
  • Evident from the text: samples submitted for a “Feline Travel Profile” represent a selected, clinically suspected or travel-associated population, so the reported percentages are not population prevalence estimates for cats in Germany.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13071-021-04628-2

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 78 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Among the 363 cats with a history of time spent abroad, 110 (30%) had positive test results for at least one vector-borne pathogen.

    “Among the 363 cats with a history of time spent abroad, 110 (30%) had positive test results for at least one vector-borne pathogen.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Antibodies to Rickettsia spp. were found in 52 cats, with titers of 1:256 (n = 33), 1:512 (n = 14) and 1:1024 (n = 5).

    “Antibodies to Rickettsia spp. were found in 52 cats, with titers of 1:256 (n = 33), 1:512 (n = 14) and 1:1024 (n = 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In cats tested in Germany via the Feline Travel Profile, 175 out of 624 cats (28%) had positive test results for at least one vector-borne pathogen.

    “At least one pathogen could be detected in 175 out of 624 cats (28%) via indirect and/or direct detection methods.”
    • Also stated in: § Laboratory diagnostics · plain
      “One hundred seventy-five out of 624 cats (28%) had positive test results for at least one of the pathogens (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    For Ehrlichia spp. serology, titers of 1:40 (n = 44), 1:320 (n = 24), and 1:640 (n = 5) were detected.

    “For Ehrlichia spp. serology, titers of 1:40 (n = 44), 1:320 (n = 24), and 1:640 (n = 5) were detected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Hepatozoon spp. PCR was positive in 53 out of 618 cats (9%).

    “Hepatozoon spp. PCR 53 out of 618 (9%)”
    • Also stated in: § Laboratory diagnostics · plain
      “PCR testing was reported as positive for Hepatozoon spp. in 53/618 cats (9%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 7 H. felis infected cats had been imported from Spain (n = 5) and from Greece and Malta (n = 1 respectively).

    “They had been imported from Spain (n = 5) and from Greece and Malta (n = 1 respectively), which is consistent with the above-cited literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After Rickettsia testing was included in 2015, 19 cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen, and Rickettsia spp. were involved in 14 of these 19 cats.

    “After testing for Rickettsia spp. was included in 2015, 19 cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen (Rickettsia spp. were involved in 14 out of these 19 cats).”
    • Also stated in: § Laboratory diagnostics · plain
      “19/22 cats (86%) after this addition. Rickettsia spp. were implicated in 14 of these 19 cats (74%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Six cats born in Germany that accompanied their owners on travels abroad all had entirely negative test results in this study.

    “Six cats were born in Germany and accompanied their owners on travels abroad, but all had entirely negative test results in this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In this study, 39 out of 53 cats with positive Hepatozoon test results had a history of travel/import to a known endemic area, and time spent abroad could not be excluded for any of the animals with positive test results.

    “In this study, 39/53 cats with positive test results had a history of travel/import to a known endemic area, and time spent abroad could not be excluded for any of the animals with positive test results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    One cat in this study had positive PCR results for Dirofilaria spp., no further species differentiation was done, no travel history was available, and the cat also had a positive IFAT for Leishmania spp.

    “One cat in this study had positive PCR results for Dirofilaria spp., but further species differentiation was not done, and a travel history or information on any time spent abroad was not available. This cat also had a positive IFAT for Leishmania spp.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 363 cats with a travel history, 320 (88%) had been to a different country in the European Union and 44 (12%) had stayed in countries outside the European Union.

    “Three hundred twenty of the 363 cats (88%) had been to a different country in the European Union, and 44 (12%) had stayed in countries outside the European Union [primarily Turkey (n = 12) and Dubai (n = 5)] (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. were present in 12 cats infected with Hepatozoon spp.

    “Antibodies to Leishmania and Ehrlichia spp. were present in 12 cats infected with Hepatozoon spp., respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Together with climate change in many parts of Europe, the import of cats could contribute to an increase in the spread of pathogens and their potential vectors into previously non-endemic areas such as Germany, where they may spread further and form reservoirs for infection.

    “Together with the change in climate in many parts of Europe, this could contribute to an increase in the spread of pathogens and their potential vectors into previously non-endemic areas such as Germany, where they may spread further and form reservoirs for infection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The rising numbers of cats tested between 2012 and 2020 may indicate that the import of cats is gaining importance in Germany.

    “The rising numbers of cats tested between 2012 and 2020 (Table 1) may indicate that the import of cats is gaining importance in Germany.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The number of imported cats greatly outweighs that of cats accompanying their owners' travels, which contrasts with the findings of previous studies in dogs.

    “The number of imported cats greatly outweighs that of cats accompanying their owners' travels, which contrasts with the findings of previous studies in dogs [14, 15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Schäfer I, Volkmann M, Beelitz P, Müller E, Merle R, Kohn B. Retrospective analysis of vector-borne infections in dogs after travelling to endemic areas (2007–2018). Vet Parasitol X. 2019;2:100015. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Schäfer I, Volkmann M, Beelitz P, Merle R, Müller E, Kohn B. Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne infections in dogs imported from the Mediterranean region and southeastern Europe (2007–2015). Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):30. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Endemic vectors that are potentially competent may be infected with previously non-endemic pathogens during a bloodmeal on infected cats and could contribute to the spread of these pathogens.

    “Moreover, endemic vectors which are potentially competent may be infected with previously non-endemic pathogens during a bloodmeal on infected cats and could proceed to contribute to the spread of these pathogens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cats may be instrumental in the spread of Leishmania in areas with a high prevalence, even though their role regarding the transmission cycle of the pathogen is still unknown.

    “Therefore, cats may be instrumental in the spread of the pathogen in areas with a high prevalence [71], even though their role regarding the transmission cycle of the pathogen is still unknown [72].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] Maia C, Campino L. Can domestic cats be considered reservoir hosts of zoonotic leishmaniasis? Trends Parasitol. 2011;27(8):341–4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Pfeffer M, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Deplazes P, et al. The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part I: Protozoa and tick-borne agents. Vet Parasitol. 2015;213(1–2):12–23. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Infections with Dirofilaria spp. in cats and dogs historically occur in Mediterranean countries but have recently spread within these countries.

    “Infections with Dirofilaria spp. in cats and dogs historically occur in Mediterranean countries but have recently spread within these countries, such as for example Italy, Spain, France, Greece, and Turkey [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Hartmann K, Belak S, Addie D, Boucraut-Baralon C, et al. Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(5):442–51. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Limitations of IFAT include the possibility of cross reactivity with other pathogens (e.g. between all Ehrlichia species) as well as false-negative results in very young or immunosuppressed animals or where investigations were done early in the natural history of the disease and therefore prior to seroconversion.

    “Limitations may also include the possibility of cross reactivity with other pathogens (e.g. between all Ehrlichia species [45]) as well as false-negative results in very young or immunosuppressed animals or where investigations were done early in the natural history of the disease and therefore prior to seroconversion [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [45] Pennisi MG, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Radford AD, Tasker S, Belak S, Addie DD, et al. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species infections in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(5):542–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Solano-Gallego L, Villanueva-Saz S, Carbonell M, Trotta M, Furlanello T, Natale A. Serological diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis: comparison of three commercial ELISA tests (Leiscan, ID Screen and Leishmania 96), a rapid test (Speed Leish K) and an in-house IFAT. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:111. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Interpretation of IFAT can be subjective, so sensitivity can be low, especially when titers are low or borderline.

    “Furthermore, the interpretation of IFAT can be subjective, so the sensitivity can be low, especially when titers are low or borderline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many immature Dirofilaria pathogens are destroyed shortly after reaching the pulmonary arteries in cats, and the lifespan of the surviving pathogens is shorter in cats (2-4 years) than in most other species, such as dogs (5-7 years).

    “Many of the immature pathogens are destroyed shortly after reaching the pulmonary arteries in cats, and the lifespan of the surviving pathogens is shorter in cats (2–4 years) than in most other species, such as dogs (5–7 years) [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol. 2008;66:193–285. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats varies from 0 to 33% across Europe.

    “The prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats varies from 0 to 33% across Europe [11, 30–40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [11] Bajer A, Rodo A, Mierzejewska EJ, Tolkacz K, Welc-Faleciak R. The prevalence of Dirofilaria repens in cats, healthy dogs and dogs with concurrent babesiosis in an expansion zone in central Europe. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):183. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Morelli S, Crisi PE, Di Cesare A, De Santis F, Barlaam A, Santoprete G, et al. Exposure of client-owned cats to zoonotic vector-borne pathogens: Clinic-pathological alterations and infection risk analysis. Comp Immunol Microb. 2019;66:101344. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Giangaspero A, Marangi M, Latrofa MS, Martinelli D, Traversa D, Otranto D, et al. Evidences of increasing risk of dirofilarioses in southern Italy. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(3):1357–61. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Di Cesare A, Castagna G, Meloni S, Milillo P, Latrofa S, Otranto D, et al. Canine and feline infections by cardiopulmonary nematodes in central and southern Italy. Parasitol Res. 2011;109(Suppl 1):S87-96. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Kramer L, Genchi C. Feline heartworm infection: serological survey of asymptomatic cats living in northern Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2002;104(1):43–50. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Montoya-Alonso JA, Morchon R, Falcon-Cordon Y, Falcon-Cordon S, Simon F, Carreton E. Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):354. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Montoya-Alonso JA, Carreton E, Morchon R, Silveira-Viera L, Falcon Y, Simon F. The impact of the climate on the epidemiology of Dirofilaria immitis in the pet population of the Canary Islands. Vet Parasitol. 2016;216:66–71. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Montoya-Alonso JA, Carreton E, Corbera JA, Juste MC, Mellado I, Morchon R, et al. Current prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats and humans from the island of Gran Canaria Spain. Vet Parasitol. 2011;176(4):291–4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Diakou A, Soubasis N, Chochlios T, Oikonomidis IL, Tselekis D, Koutinas C, et al. Canine and feline dirofilariosis in a highly enzootic area: first report of feline dirofilariosis in Greece. Parasitol Res. 2019;118(2):677–82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Vieira L, Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Fontes-Sousa AP, Balreira AC, Morchon R, Carreton E, et al. Seroprevalence of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in feline and canine hosts from central and northern Portugal. J Helminthol. 2015;89(5):625–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The Austrian autochthonous H. felis case may indicate the spread of the pathogen and/or vectors from historically endemic countries in the Mediterranean to more northern regions of Central Europe.

    “This may indicate the spread of the pathogen and/or vectors from historically endemic countries in the Mediterranean to more northern regions of Central Europe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Basso W, Gorner D, Globokar M, Keidel A, Pantchev N. First autochthonous case of clinical Hepatozoon felis infection in a domestic cat in Central Europe. Parasitol Int. 2019;72:101945. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Autochthonous infections with D. repens and Leishmania infantum have been reported in dogs in Germany.

    “One example of this phenomenon are presently isolated cases of autochthonous infections with D. repens [16–18] and Leishmania infantum [19] in dogs in Germany.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [16] Hermosilla C, Pantchev N, Dyachenko V, Gutmann M, Bauer C. First autochthonous case of canine ocular Dirofilaria repens infection in Germany. Vet Rec. 2006;158(4):134–5. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Pantchev N, Norden N, Lorentzen L, Rossi M, Rossi U, Brand B, et al. Current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in dogs in Germany. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(Suppl 1):63–74. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Sassnau R, Dyachenko V, Pantchev N, Stockel F, Dittmar K, Daugschies A. Dirofilaria repens infestation in a sled dog kennel in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany) Diagnosis and therapy of canine cutaneous dirofilariosis. Tieraerztl Prax K H. 2009;37(2):95–101 (In German). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Kellermeier C, Burger M, Werner H, Schein E, Kohn B. Autochthonous leishmaniosis in two Golden Retriever dogs from Brandenburg (Germany). Kleintierpraxis. 2007;52(10):649–53 (In German).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A single case report from Central Europe describes a cat in Poland that was infected with D. repens and Wolbachia spp.

    “A single case report from Central Europe describes a cat in Poland which was infected with D. repens and Wolbachia spp. [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Criado-Fornelio A, Buling A, Pingret JL, Etievant M, Boucraut-Baralon C, Alongi A, et al. Hemoprotozoa of domestic animals in France: prevalence and molecular characterization. Vet Parasitol. 2009;159(1):73–6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is much variation in the reported prevalence of Leishmania spp. in cats tested by indirect assays not only between different European countries but also across different regions within one country, ranging from 0.1% to 60%.

    “There is much variation in the reported prevalence of Leishmania spp. in cats tested by indirect assays not only between different European countries but also across different regions within one country, ranging from 0.1% to 60% [1, 30, 40, 47–69].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1, 30, 40, 47–69]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The indirect IFAT utilised in this study detected immunoglobulin G antibodies for all pathogens.

    “The indirect IFAT utilised in this study detected immunoglobulin G antibodies for all pathogens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The presence of competent vectors such as Phlebotomus perniciosus has been reported in the south of Germany, as has the potentially competent vector P. mascitti.

    “The presence of competent vectors such as Phlebotomus perniciosus has been reported in the south of Germany [72], as has the potentially competent vector P. mascitti [73, 74].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [72] Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Pfeffer M, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Deplazes P, et al. The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part I: Protozoa and tick-borne agents. Vet Parasitol. 2015;213(1–2):12–23. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Melaun C, Kruger A, Werblow A, Klimpel S. New record of the suspected leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)–the northernmost phlebotomine sandfly occurrence in the Palearctic region. Parasitol Res. 2014;113(6):2295–301. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [74] Obwaller AG, Karakus M, Poeppl W, Toz S, Ozbel Y, Aspock H, et al. Could Phlebotomus mascittii play a role as a natural vector for Leishmania infantum? New data. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:458. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilaria repens has been the primary pathogen reported in Central and Eastern Europe, and it is currently considered an emerging zoonotic agent in all of Europe.

    “Dirofilaria repens [26–28] has been the primary pathogen reported in Central and Eastern Europe, and it is currently considered an emerging zoonotic agent in all of Europe [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [26] Traversa D, Aste G, Milillo P, Capelli G, Pampurini F, Tunesi C, et al. Autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in central Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2010;169(1–2):128–32. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F. Dirofilarial infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11(10):1307–17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Morchon R, Carreton E, Gonzalez-Miguel J, Mellado-Hernandez I. Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe—new distribution trends. Front Physiol. 2012;3:196. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Capelli G, Genchi C, Baneth G, Bourdeau P, Brianti E, Cardoso L, et al. Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):663. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    It is generally possible to distinguish more recent infections from those in the past by means of simultaneous immunoglobulin M levels or paired serum samples taken at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks.

    “It is generally possible to distinguish more recent infections from those in the past by means of simultaneous immunoglobulin M levels or paired serum samples taken at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Pennisi MG, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Radford AD, Tasker S, Belak S, Addie DD, et al. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species infections in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(5):542–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microfilaremia is rare in cats, as fewer male worms are present.

    “Microfilaremia is rare in cats, as fewer male worms are present [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Ryan WG, Newcomb KM. Prevalence of feline heartworm disease - A global review. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium 1995; American Heartworm Society; 1995:79–86 [Conference Proceeding].

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Currently, dogs are the only known primary reservoir of Leishmania spp.

    “Currently, dogs are the only known primary reservoir of Leishmania spp. [70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O. Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology. 2009;136(14):1915–34. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cats are rarely infected with more than five roundworms, which can be missed even in a post-mortem examination.

    “Cats are rarely infected with more than five roundworms, which can be missed even in a post-mortem examination [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Ryan WG, Newcomb KM. Prevalence of feline heartworm disease - A global review. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium 1995; American Heartworm Society; 1995:79–86 [Conference Proceeding].

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to predictive models developed for dirofilariasis, temperatures during the summer may be suitable for the life-cycle of larvae in mosquitoes even in colder regions like the UK, provided that reservoirs are present.

    “According to predictive models developed for dirofilariasis, temperatures during the summer may be suitable for the life-cycle of larvae in mosquitoes even in colder regions like the UK, provided that reservoirs are present [10, 27, 41, 42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [10] Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Hartmann K, Belak S, Addie D, Boucraut-Baralon C, et al. Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(5):442–51. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F. Dirofilarial infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11(10):1307–17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Venco L, Genchi M, Genchi C, Gatti D, Kramer L. Can heartworm prevalence in dogs be used as provisional data for assessing the prevalence of the infection in cats? Vet Parasitol. 2011;176(4):300–3. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G. Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163(4):286–92. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coinfections with multiple vector-borne pathogens may occur in cats as well as dogs and humans.

    “Coinfections with multiple vector-borne pathogens may occur in cats as well as dogs and humans”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Pennisi MG, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Radford AD, Tasker S, Belak S, Addie DD, et al. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species infections in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(5):542–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The histories taken from the veterinarians only included the countries of stays abroad.

    “The histories taken from the veterinarians only included the countries of stays abroad.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    IFAT may show some cross-reactivity with E. chaffensis and E. ewingii as well as with A. phagocytophilum and A. platys at lower titers.

    “IFAT may show some cross-reactivity with E. chaffensis (found in cats in the US and Brazil) and E. ewingii (found in cats in the US) as well as with A. phagocytophilum and A. platys at lower titers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Species differentiation for specific pathogens included in the study was not performed, except in the case of seven cats with positive test results for H. felis.

    “Furthermore, species differentiation for specific pathogens included in the study was not performed, except in the case of seven cats with positive test results for H. felis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Co-infections may complicate diagnosis and treatment in dogs and may worsen their prognosis.

    “It is known that co-infections may complicate diagnosis and treatment in dogs and may worsen their prognosis [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] ESCCAP. Control of vector-borne diseases in dogs and cats. Guidelines 05, 3rd ed. European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites; 2019.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study had a retrospective design with no consistent histories.

    “its retrospective design (e.g. no consistent histories)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Certain vector-borne infectious pathogens such as Cytauxzoon spp. could not be included.

    “Certain vector-borne infectious pathogens such as Cytauxzoon spp. could not be included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study included a limited number of pathogens.

    “the limited number of pathogens included”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cats have a more efficient T-helper 1 cell immune response compared to dogs, which may be the cause of the lower prevalence of the pathogen in cats.

    “Cats have a more efficient T-helper 1 cell immune response compared to dogs, which may be the cause of the lower prevalence of the pathogen in cats [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Morganti G, Veronesi F, Stefanetti V, Di Muccio T, Fiorentino E, Diaferia M, et al. Emerging feline vector-borne pathogens in Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):193. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Seroprevalence of Rickettsia spp. in cats in Italy, Spain, and Portugal has been reported to range from 0 to 48.7% by IFAT/ELISA.

    “Seroprevalence in cats has been reported in Italy, Spain, and Portugal (IFAT/ELISA: 0-48.7%) [30, 47, 51, 53, 79, 84, 85].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [30] Morelli S, Crisi PE, Di Cesare A, De Santis F, Barlaam A, Santoprete G, et al. Exposure of client-owned cats to zoonotic vector-borne pathogens: Clinic-pathological alterations and infection risk analysis. Comp Immunol Microb. 2019;66:101344. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Morganti G, Veronesi F, Stefanetti V, Di Muccio T, Fiorentino E, Diaferia M, et al. Emerging feline vector-borne pathogens in Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):193. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Persichetti MF, Pennisi MG, Vullo A, Masucci M, Migliazzo A, Solano-Gallego L. Clinical evaluation of outdoor cats exposed to ectoparasites and associated risk for vector-borne infections in southern Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):136. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Persichetti MF, Solano-Gallego L, Serrano L, Altet L, Reale S, Masucci M, et al. Detection of vector-borne pathogens in cats and their ectoparasites in southern Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:247. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] Solano-Gallego L, Hegarty B, Espada Y, Llull J, Breitschwerdt E. Serological and molecular evidence of exposure to arthropod-borne organisms in cats from northeastern Spain. Vet Microbiol. 2006;118(3–4):274–7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Alves AS, Milhano N, Santos-Silva M, Santos AS, Vilhena M, de Sousa R. Evidence of Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic, shelter and stray cat blood and fleas. Portugal Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(Suppl 2):1–3.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Nogueras MM, Pons I, Ortuno A, Miret J, Pla J, Castella J, et al. Molecular detection of Rickettsia typhi in cats and fleas. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e71386. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The observed co-infections indicate a pathogen contact with concurrent immunosuppression to be discussed in case of persistent infection, as it may result in increased susceptibility of infected animals to other pathogens.

    “This indicates a pathogen contact with concurrent immunosuppression to be discussed in case of persistent infection, as it may result in increased susceptibility of infected animals to other pathogens [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] ESCCAP. Control of vector-borne diseases in dogs and cats. Guidelines 05, 3rd ed. European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites; 2019.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    There was no information on the extent of ectoparasite prophylaxis in the cats.

    “There was also no information on the extent of ectoparasite prophylaxis in the cats, which may impact the prevalence of certain vector-borne pathogens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
41 of 41

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are presently no studies regarding the prevalence of antigens and/or antibodies to Leishmania spp., Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Dirofilaria spp., and Hepatozoon spp. in cats in Germany.

    “To the knowledge of the authors, there are presently no studies regarding the prevalence of antigens and/or antibodies to the vector-borne pathogens Leishmania spp., Ehrlichia spp, Rickettsia spp., Dirofilaria spp., and Hepatozoon spp. in cats in Germany.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data on the prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats in Germany are not yet available.

    “Data on the prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats in Germany are not yet available.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data on the prevalence of antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. in cats in Germany are not currently available.

    “Data on the prevalence of antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. in cats in Germany are not currently available.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cats in Mediterranean countries are generally infected by L. infantum.

    “Cats in Mediterranean countries are generally infected by L. infantum.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little evidence on the susceptibility or resistance of cats to natural Leishmania infection.

    “There is little evidence on the susceptibility or resistance of cats to natural infection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little knowledge about the pathogenesis, replication cycle, host range, and modes of transmission of Hepatozoon spp. in cats.

    “There is little knowledge about the pathogenesis, replication cycle, host range, and modes of transmission of Hepatozoon spp in cats.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    IFAT is the gold standard for serological confirmation of pathogen contact in dogs and cats.

    “This study detected antibodies by means of IFAT, which is regarded as the gold standard for serological confirmation of pathogen contact in dogs and cats.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many relevant vectors show pronounced seasonality, and the time of year may significantly influence both incidence and prevalence of the pathogens they may transmit.

    “As many of the relevant vectors show pronounced seasonality, the time of year may significantly influence both incidence and prevalence of the pathogens they may transmit.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vector-borne infections often remain undiagnosed.

    “As vector-borne infections often remain undiagnosed, it is important to take thorough histories of any time spent abroad in all cats in which vector-transmitted infections are suspected.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Some studies have reported D. immitis in cats in traditionally endemic countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, while first reports of feline heartworm have been published in some new endemic countries (Germany and Austria).

    “Some studies have reported D. immitis in cats in traditionally endemic countries, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, while the first reports of feline heartworm have been published in some new endemic countries as well (Germany and Austria).”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [129]

  • In Germany, a retrospective study from 2012 to 2020 identified heartworm in three cats in 2012, and in Austria the first case of autochthonous feline D. immitis infection was published in 2012.

    “In Germany, a retrospective study from 2012 to 2020 identified heartworm in three cats in 2012 [129]. In Austria, the first case of autochthonous feline D. immitis infection is published in 2012 [130].”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [129]

  • Of the 618 cats subjected to Dirofilaria spp. PCR included in the feline travel profile in Germany, one (0.2%) tested positive, but no further species differentiation was conducted.

    “Of the 618 cats subjected to Dirofilaria spp. PCR included in the feline travel profile, one (0.2%) tested positive, but no further species differentiation was conducted”

    From Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum: current risk of spreading in Central and Northern Europe. (2021) · cites this paper as [111]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Percentage without EDTA blood is understated

    Minor

    Six of 624 cats is 0.96%, not 0.1%.

    Reported 0.1 · recomputed 0.961538

  • Non-EU positives exceed listed pathogen positives

    Minor

    Table 2 reports 15 non-EU cats testing positive, but its pathogen columns list only 7, 3, and 4 positives, totaling 14. The number of distinct positive cats cannot exceed the number of positive test results listed.

    Reported 15 · recomputed 14

  • Romania travel count differs between text and table

    Minor

    The text reports 33 cats with a travel history involving Romania, but Table 2 lists 28.

  • Hepatozoon coinfection counts conflict

    Minor

    One sentence gives 4 Hepatozoon-positive cats with Leishmania antibodies and 2 with Ehrlichia antibodies; the next says 12 cats for Leishmania and Ehrlichia, respectively.

  • Greece travel count differs between text and table

    Minor

    The text reports 53 cats with a travel history involving Greece, but Table 2 lists 52.

5 of 5

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 108 · Cited by 20

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Kellermeier C, Burger M, Werner H, Schein E, Kohn B. Autochthonous leishmaniosis in two Golden Retriever dogs from Brandenburg (Germany). Kleintierpraxis. 2007;52(10):649–53 (In German).
  2. Pennisi M, Lupo T, Malara D, Masucci M, Migliazzo A, Lombardo G. Serological and molecular prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in cats from Southern Italy. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14:656–7.
  3. Veronesi F, Moretta I, Vitale F, Lupo T, Migliazzo A, Mariani C: Leishmania infantum: serological and molecular investigation in cats from Ischia island. In: 2nd International Congress on Canine Leishmaniasis 2010; Pisa: 169-71 [Conference Proceeding].
  4. Portús M, Gállego M, Riera C, Aisa M, Fisa R, Castillejo S. Wild and domestic mammals in the life cycle of Leishmania infantum in Southwest Europe. A literature review and studies performed in Catalonia (Spain). Rev Iber Parasitol. 2002;62:72–6.
  5. Huebner J, Muller E, Langbein-Detsch I, Naucke T. Serological survey of Leishmania infections in cats from North Greece. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(3):782–3.

Authors
Schäfer, I., Kohn, B., Volkmann, M., & Müller, E.
Affiliations
  • Laboklin (Germany) (DE)
  • Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
Corresponding author
Schäfer, Ingo
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-02-25
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
123-123
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13071-021-04628-2
PMC
PMC7905428
OpenAlex
W3129529757
Cited by
20
References
108
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
Funders
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bartonella species infections research
Keywords
vector-borne pathogens, cats, Hepatozoon, Dirofilaria, Ehrlichia, Leishmania, Rickettsia, co-infection, seroprevalence, Germany, differential diagnosis, climate change, blood-feeding arthropods, indirect immunofluorescence, PCR
MeSH terms
Animals, Arthropods, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Cat Diseases, Cats, Disease Vectors, Female, Germany, Leishmania, Male, Parasites, Parasitic Diseases, Animal, Retrospective Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review