Evidences of increasing risk of dirofilarioses in southern Italy
Abstract
Given the spread of Aedes albopictus from northern to southern Italy, and the lack of updated data on Dirofilaria infections, this study was carried out to assess the infection risk for dogs and cats in Apulia region. During a 2-year study, 175 A. albopictus female specimens and samples of blood from 427 dogs (309 privately owned dogs and 118 shelter dogs) and 12 cats were collected. All blood samples were subjected to a modified Knott method, to a test for the detection of circulating Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and to a Dirofilaria species-specific real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of D. immitis and Dirofilaria repens, targeting on partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and internal transcribed spacer-2, respectively. Two abdomen and one thorax pools from A. albopictus were positive for D. immitis, with minimum infection rates of 1.14 and 0.51, respectively, and a probability of a single positive specimen to be infected of P = 0.6 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.12-1.73). Out of 439 examined subjects, 22 (5.0 %) tested positive for Dirofilaria spp. in at least one diagnostic test. A specific D. immitis infestation rate of 3.5 % was found among the privately owned dogs, while shelter dogs tested positive only for D. repens with a prevalence of 3.4 %; one cat tested molecularly positive for D. immitis. There was a significantly higher rate of positivity among guard dogs for D. immitis (odds ratio, 6.24, 95 % CI, 1.26-25.28; P < 0.05). The increasing risk of D. immitis infection in southern Italy is supported by the noteworthy positivity of A. albopictus populations and the cat. Our data highlight the usefulness to include filarioid infestation in routine diagnosis.
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In central Italy (Latium, Tuscany, Umbria), canine heartworm prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 6.9%, while in southern Italy it ranged between 0.2 and 44.2%.
“In Latium, Tuscany, and Umbria (central Italy), prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 6.9% [29,32,33], while in southern Italy, the prevalence ranged between 0.2 and 44.2% [34,35,36,37].”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
In Italy, culicid vectors of Dirofilaria have been demonstrated in different regions, including Cx. pipiens in north-eastern Italy, Ae. albopictus, Cq. richiardii, Cs. annulate, Cx. pipiens, and Och. caspius in southern Italy, and Ae. albopictus in Pelagie Archipelago.
“In Italy, several studies have continued to demonstrate the existence of culicid vectors of Dirofilaria in different regions of the country, such as Cx. pipiens in north-eastern Italy [150], Ae. albopictus, Cq. richiardii, Cs. annulate, Cx. pipiens, and Och. caspius in southern Italy [34,151], and Ae. albopictus in Pelagie Archipelago [40].”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
The southward changing pattern of HW has been detailed in previous studies.
“The southward changing pattern of HW has been detailed in previous studies [26–29].”
From Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infections in Italy, 2009–2019: Changing distribution patterns (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats varies from 0 to 33% across Europe.
“The prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats varies from 0 to 33% across Europe [11, 30–40].”
From Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne pathogens in cats living in Germany (2012–2020) (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
Among the culicid mosquito species, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus are known to be infected with Wolbachia and considered as vectors for Dirofilaria.
“Among the culicid mosquito species, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus are known to be infected with Wolbachia [32, 67] and considered as vectors for Dirofilaria [13–15, 28, 45, 50, 69].”
From <i>Dirofilaria</i> and <i>Wolbachia</i> in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
An increased probability of Dirofilaria infections in areas where tiger mosquitoes established was reported from Italy.
“The increased probability of Dirofilaria infections in areas where tiger mosquitoes established was reported from Italy [269,270].”
From Dirofilaria spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum: current risk of spreading in Central and Northern Europe. (2021) · cites this paper as [269]
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Effect of blood meals and mating on biodemographic characteristics of Aedes albopictus
Mastronikolos, G. D., & Papadopoulos, N. T. (2026) · Physiological Entomology · doi:10.1111/phen.70039
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Nonnis, F., Corda, A., Zeinoun, P., Cavallo, L., Corda, F., Cubeddu, F., Rocca, S., Parpaglia, M. L. P., Mollica, A., Amatori, M. A., et al. (2026) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2026.106280
- Authors
- Giangaspero, A., Marangi, M., Latrofa, M. S., Martinelli, D., Traversa, D., Otranto, D., & Genchi, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Foggia (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- University of Teramo (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Giangaspero, A.
- Venue
- Parasitology Research
- Published
- 2012-12-07
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1357-1361
- ISSN
- 0044-3255 (ISSN-L)
- 0932-0113
- 1432-1955
- OpenAlex
- W2060516176
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Parasitology Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- dirofilariasis, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Aedes albopictus, dogs, cats, infection risk, Apulia, guard dogs, vector competence, real-time PCR, circulating antigens
- MeSH terms
- Aedes, Animals, Antigens, Helminth, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Immunoassay, Italy, Prevalence, DNA, Helminth, Risk Assessment, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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