Current prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats and humans from the island of Gran Canaria, Spain
Abstract
The island of Gran Canaria is a hyperendemic area for canine dirofilariasis. The aim of the present study was to provide data on Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats, and humans on this island in 2010. The data confirms the prevalence in the overall canine population (19%), with a considerably higher prevalence (43%) in the autochthonous breed of Canarian Warren hound. The prevalence in the feline population (33%) is higher than that of the canine population, and the existence of specific D. immitis antibodies in the inhabitants of the island of Gran Canaria (12%) is confirmed. In both cats and humans, the prevalence, according to the different climate areas on the island, is related to the prevalence of D. immitis in dogs in the same area, which shows the key epidemiological role played by the canine host with regard to the transmission to other hosts of D. immitis.
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On the island of Gran Canaria, the prevalence of canine dirofilariasis has been gradually dropping, from 23.87% in 2002 to 19.2% in 2010.
“On the island of Gran Canaria, the prevalence of canine dirofilariasis has been gradually dropping, from 23.87% in 2002 (Sosa et al., 2002) to 19.2% in 2010 (Montoya-Alonso et al., 2011).”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Montoya-Alonso et al., 2011
On the island of Gran Canaria, two seroepidemiologic studies show an increase of feline dirofilariasis prevalence from 18.3 to 33% between 2004 and 2011.
“Regarding feline dirofilariasis, on the island of Gran Canaria two seroepidemiologic studies show an increase of the prevalence from 18.3 to 33% between 2004 and 2011 (Morchón et al., 2004; Montoya-Alonso et al., 2011).”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Montoya-Alonso et al., 2011
In the Canary Islands, prevalences have remained similar or with slight oscillations during the last 20 years, although the presence of the parasite is reported for the first time in Lanzarote.
“the prevalences have remained similar or with slight oscillations during the last 20 years [9,12,27,28,29], although the presence of the parasite is reported for the first time in Lanzarote.”
From Expansion of canine heartworm in Spain (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
In Spain, only epidemiological studies of feline heartworm have been published in the Canary Islands, Madrid, Barcelona and Zaragoza.
“in Spain, there are only published epidemiological studies in the Canary Islands, Madrid, Barcelona and Zaragoza (10–14).”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats varies from 0 to 33% across Europe.
“The prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in cats varies from 0 to 33% across Europe [11, 30–40].”
From Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne pathogens in cats living in Germany (2012–2020) (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
The present results report the first epidemiological data on feline D. immitis in Madrid.
“Regarding cats, the present results report the first epidemiological data on feline D. immitis and demonstrate the presence of feline heartworm in Madrid.”
From Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
The highest canine D. immitis prevalences were found in dogs from 1 to 6 years old, with the highest in dogs 1-3 years followed by 3-6 years.
“By age ranges, the highest prevalences were found in dogs from 1 to 6 years, and significant differences were only observed between dogs betwee 9–12 year-old compared with dogs between 1 and 6 year-old (χ 2 = 2.753, df = 5, P = 0.738) (Table 1).”
From Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
Other studies showed the highest canine heartworm prevalences in older dogs.
“other studies showed the highest prevalences in older dogs [14, 23].”
From Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
In cats, a great variability in prevalences by age ranges can be observed when the results are compared with other studies.
“In cats, a great variability in the prevalences by age ranges can be observed when the results were compared with other studies [7, 14–16, 29].”
From Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
Spain is an endemic country for heartworm, with highest prevalences in the Mediterranean coast and Southern Spain, along the shores of major rivers, estuaries and marshlands, as well as in the Canary Islands.
“Spain is an endemic country and the highest prevalences have been reported in the Mediterranean coast and Southern Spain, along the shores of major rivers, estuaries and marshlands, as well as in the Canary Islands [10,11].”
From First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain) (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
There are no published epidemiological data regarding feline heartworm in the Barcelona metropolitan region.
“Despite the numerous studies that have been carried out in canine heartworm, there are no published epidemiological data regarding feline heartworm in this region.”
From First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain) (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
The present study is the first epidemiological report of seroprevalence of D. immitis in cats in Barcelona and continental Spain.
“The present study is the first epidemiological report of seroprevalence of D. immitis in cats in Barcelona and in continental Spain, previously only having been reported in the Canary Islands and in the North of Portugal [11,17].”
From First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain) (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
No data on feline heartworm in continental Spain have been published to the authors' knowledge.
“In fact, no data on feline heartworm in continental Spain have been published to the authors’ knowledge.”
From First epidemiological report of feline heartworm infection in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain) (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In certain areas (e.g. Gran Canaria), Di prevalence is decreasing probably due to preventive measures.
“At present, while in certain areas (e.g. Gran Canaria) prevalence is decreasing probably due to preventive measures [41,42]”
From Seropositivity rates for agents of canine vector-borne diseases in Spain: A multicentre study (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
A high prevalence of Di has been reported in the Canary Islands (19.2-67.02%).
“A high prevalence of Di has been reported in the Canary Islands (19.2-67.02%)[38,40,41,83]”
From Seropositivity rates for agents of canine vector-borne diseases in Spain: A multicentre study (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
Other epidemiological studies found no significant gender differences in Dirofilaria infections, while others did.
“although other epidemiological studies found no significant differences (9, 14, 34), these differences were also observed in others (7, 8, 70).”
From Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
The efficacy of preventive measures against D. immitis has been observed in Gran Canaria with a constant decrease of prevalences across 15 years.
“The efficacy of the preventive measures against D. immitis has been observed in Gran Canaria with a constant decrease of the prevalences across 15 years (8, 70, 75).”
From Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Studies investigating anti-D immitis antibodies in cats show that the rate of exposure to infection is much higher.
“studies investigating anti-D immitis antibodies in cats show that the rate of exposure to infection is much higher.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
In the Canary Islands, two seroepidemiological studies showed an increase in feline dirofilariasis prevalences from 18.3% to 33% between 2004 and 2011.
“In the Canary Islands, two seroepidemiological studies showed an increase in feline dirofilariasis prevalences from 18.3% to 33% be-tween 2004 and 2011 (281, 289).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [281]
In Grand Canary Island, the prevalence of D. immitis increased from 28% to 58.9% between 1988 and 1998, followed by a decrease to 19.2% in 2011, coinciding with widespread use of chemoprophylaxis.
“In Grand Canary Island, the prevalence of D. immitis increased from 28% to 58.9% between 1988 and 1998 (279, 360), followed by a decrease to 19.2% in 2011 (281), coinciding with the widespread use of chemoprophylaxis.”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [281]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Montoya-Alonso, J. A., Carretón, E., Corbera, J. A., Juste, M. C., Mellado, I., Morchón, R., & Simón, F.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ES)
- Universidad de Salamanca (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Montoya-Alonso, J.A.
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 291-294
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002147836
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria immitis, canine dirofilariasis, prevalence, dogs, cats, human, Gran Canaria, zoonotic transmission, climate zones, hyperendemic area, seroprevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth, Cat Diseases, Cats, Climate, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Geography, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Spain, Zoonoses, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Young Adult
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