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Cited by 177Sports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutritionBody Composition Measurement Techniques

Total Energy Expenditure, Energy Intake, and Body Composition in Endurance Athletes Across the Training Season: A Systematic Review

Open access
Heydenreich, Juliane, Kayser, Bengt, Schutz, Yves, Melzer, Katarina·2017·Sports Medicine - Open
DOI 10.1186/s40798-017-0076-1PMC PMC5292109
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Endurance athletes perform periodized training in order to prepare for main competitions and maximize performance. However, the coupling between alterations of total energy expenditure (TEE), energy intake, and body composition during different seasonal training phases is unclear. So far, no systematic review has assessed fluctuations in TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition in endurance athletes across the training season. The purpose of this study was to (1) systematically analyze TEE, energy intake, and body composition in highly trained athletes of various endurance disciplines and of both sexes and (2) analyze fluctuations in these parameters across the training season. METHODS: An electronic database search was conducted on the SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE (January 1990-31 January 2015) databases using a combination of relevant keywords. Two independent reviewers identified potentially relevant studies. Where a consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. Original research articles that examined TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition in 18-40-year-old endurance athletes and reported the seasonal training phases of data assessment were included in the review. Articles were excluded if body composition was assessed by skinfold measurements, TEE was assessed by questionnaires, or data could not be split between the sexes. Two reviewers assessed the quality of studies independently. Data on subject characteristics, TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition were extracted from the included studies. Subjects were categorized according to their sex and endurance discipline and each study allocated a weight within categories based on the number of subjects assessed. Extracted data were used to calculate weighted means and standard deviations for parameters of TEE, energy intake, and/or body composition. RESULTS: From 3589 citations, 321 articles were identified as potentially relevant, with 82 meeting all of the inclusion criteria. TEE of endurance athletes was significantly higher during the competition phase than during the preparation phase (p < 0.001) and significantly higher than energy intake in both phases (p < 0.001). During the competition phase, both body mass and fat-free mass were significantly higher compared to other seasonal training phases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Limitations of the present study included insufficient data being available for all seasonal training phases and thus low explanatory power of single parameters. Additionally, the classification of the different seasonal training phases has to be discussed. Male and female endurance athletes show important training seasonal fluctuations in TEE, energy intake, and body composition. Therefore, dietary intake recommendations should take into consideration other factors including the actual training load, TEE, and body composition goals of the athlete.

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  • Caloric needs for large athletes (100-150 kg) may range between 6000 and 12,000 kcals/day depending on the volume and intensity of different training phases.

    “Additionally, caloric needs for large athletes (i.e., 100–150 kg) may range between 6000 and 12,000 kcals/day depending on the volume and intensity of different training phases [31].”

    From ISSN exercise &amp; sports nutrition review update: research &amp; recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [31]

    The Results (Total Energy Expenditure and Energy Intake; page unavailable) report that endurance athletes’ energy expenditure varied by training phase, averaging 4,345 kcal/day in preparation and 9,869 kcal/day in competition. The paper does not establish a 6,000–12,000 kcal/day range for athletes weighing 100–150 kg; its reported energy intakes were also substantially lower than those expenditure figures. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [58]Higgins, Green, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell 2012

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Related

Authors
Heydenreich, J., Kayser, B., Schutz, Y., & Melzer, K.
Affiliations
  • Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM (CH)
  • University of Lausanne (CH)
Corresponding author
Heydenreich, Juliane
ORCID
Venue
Sports Medicine - Open
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-02-04
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
8-8
ISSN
  • 2198-9761 (ISSN-L)
  • 2199-1170
DOI
10.1186/s40798-017-0076-1
PMC
PMC5292109
OpenAlex
W2584595208
Cited by
177
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5
FWCI
2.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sports Medicine - Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion)
  • ARBOR - Bern University of Applied Sciences Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Keywords
total energy expenditure, energy intake, body composition, endurance athletes, training season, training periodization, competition phase, preparation stage, fat-free mass, body mass, sex differences, dietary recommendations, energy balance, training load, body composition assessment

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