Tightening early childcare choices – gender and social class inequalities among Polish mothers in Germany and the UK

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mothers differently use childcare facilities according to their class.

“Although it has been shown before that mothers differently use childcare facilities according to their class (Lareau, 2000; Jensen, 2010)”

• cites Lareau, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jensen, 2010 sourceCould not verify

  The ‘Building character, building taxonomies’ section discusses class differences in reported parenting styles and parental confidence, but not mothers’ use of childcare facilities. Searches for childcare facilities, nursery or day care, and childcare found no passage addressing class differences in their use. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Polish women in the UK may become more sociable and forge weak local ties to have a childcare safety net on site.

“Polish women in the UK may become more sociable and forge weak local ties to have a childcare safety net on site.”

• cites Ryan (2016) sourcePartly supported

  The Oral and Visual Methods section describes a study of Polish migrants in London, most of them women. From Latent to Realised Resources describes participants forming social connections, including through a child’s school, but the paper discusses those ties in relation to information and employment. The passages found do not support the claimed purpose of creating a local childcare safety net (no page numbers available). (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Opportunity structures produce and are produced through individual's actions that draw differently on capital, assets and resources.

“opportunity structures produce and are produced through individual’s actions that draw differently on capital, assets and resources (=CAR’s, see Savage, Warde, & Devine, 2005)”

• cites Savage, Warde, & Devine, 2005 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paulina's husband works as a construction worker and she holds cleaning jobs in the early morning and late evening hours, as in those times her husband can take care of their children.

“Since then, he works as a construction worker and she holds cleaning jobs in the early morning and late evening hours, as in those times her husband can take care of their children.”

May combine two claims.

These respondents usually doubt that their own professional situation will ever be as good as it has been in Poland, pointing at gendered inequalities within migrant families.

“These respondents usually doubt that their own professional situation will ever be as good as it has been in Poland, pointing at gendered inequalities within migrant families.”

May combine two claims.

The respondents had mothers who experienced double-burden of work and household duties, yet nonetheless occupied inferior social positions.

“The respondents had mothers who experienced double-burden of work and household duties, yet nonetheless occupied inferior social positions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paulina interprets her 16-h-workdays as very tiring.

“She understandably interprets her 16-h-workdays as very tiring.”

May combine two claims.

Especially in the UK, mothers are often faced with a high level of consumerism and availability of goods on the one hand, yet confined to the ethnic spaces of social activities, on the other.

“However, especially in the UK, they are often faced with a high level of consumerism and availability of goods on the one hand, yet confined to the ethnic spaces of social activities, on the other.”

May combine two claims.

Compared to the life situation in Poland, the possibility to quit waged employment is held to be a privilege in Germany, as well as a signifier of a migration success.

“Compared to the life situation in Poland, the possibility to quit waged employment is held to be a privilege in Germany, as well as a signifier of a migration success.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paulina immigrated to Germany in 2011 after her husband signed a working contract with a temporary employment agency.

“This was the case of Paulina, who immigrated to Germany in 2011 after her husband has signed a working contract with a temporary employment agency (Leiharbeitsfirma).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aneta expressed doubts about the potentiality of having three children had she and her husband stayed in Poland.

“Aneta expressed doubts about the potentiality of having three children had she and her husband stayed in Poland.”

May combine two claims.

Martyna has not been able to take advantage of locally offered post-natal support and while she regards her young child 'has everything', she simultaneously deprives herself and her toddler of opportunities to network with the community.

“Martyna has not been able to take advantage of the locally offered post-natal support and while she regards the fact that her young child ‘has everything’, she simultaneously deprives, though involuntarily, herself and her toddler of opportunities to network with the community.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Many women feel that they sacrifice their own careers for a better future for their children.

“As such, many of the women feel that they sacrifice their own careers for a better future for their children.”

May combine two claims.

Women, in particular those in blue-collar occupations, who go back to work, feel inadequate and resented.

“women, in particular those in blue-collar occupations, who go back to work, feel inadequate and resented.”

May combine two claims.

Gender norms of maternal dedication to raising children prominently feature in women's decisions and elicit a preference for staying home and providing the best possible care.

“The narratives show that gender norms of maternal dedication to raising children prominently feature in women’s decisions and elicit a preference for staying home and providing the best possible care.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Polish cultural gender norms exert pressure on migrant mothers' childcare and employment decisions.

May combine two claims.

The more privileged women could first and foremost decide on, and then financially afford, the form of childcare that appealed to them.

“Starting with the most evident financial differences between the two groups, the more privileged women could first and foremost decide on, and then financially afford, the form of childcare that appealed to them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For educated women, who have invested considerable time and effort into their education and careers, workplace success is often a constituent of a satisfying life.

“In particular for educated women, who have invested considerable time and effort into their education and careers, workplace success is often a constituent of a satisfying life.”

May combine two claims.

With sky-rocketing prices of childcare in the UK, some women preferred to stay at home a while longer, often alternating with their partners in taking parental leave, and working part-time after hiring a childminder.

“On that note, with sky-rocketing prices of childcare in the UK, some women preferred to stay at home a while longer, often alternating with their partners in taking parental leave, and working part-time after hiring a childminder:”

May combine two claims.

Privileged women flexibly take advantage of maternity leave, the length being dependent on the regulation of the distinct welfare regime, and a variety of local activities, such as baby groups, through which they build relevant networks and access social capital in accordance with the conditions they find after immigration.

“As such privileged women flexibly take advantage of maternity leave, the length being dependent on the regulation of the distinct welfare regime, and a variety of local activities, such as baby groups, through which they build relevant networks and access social capital in accordance with the conditions they find after immigration.”

May combine two claims.

Women from the working-class group decided to dedicate themselves to childcare before their children reached the milestone of being 1-year-old, and a considerable majority remained home longer.

“All in all, women from the working-class group decided to dedicate themselves to childcare before their children reached the milestone of being 1-year-old, and a considerable majority remained home longer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Another strategy was to combine leaves with a professional reorientation, as Magda worked before her pregnancy as a consultant, but was increasingly unhappy with that and planned to undertake a teacher training during her maternal leave.

“Another strategy was to combine leaves with a professional reorientation, as Magda, for instance, has worked before her pregnancy as a consultant, but was increasingly unhappy with that and planned to undertake a teacher training during her maternal leave.”

May combine two claims.

This often meant that they had to forgo their professional life and stayed at home with the children out of family's necessity rather than as personal choice, largely because their own employment seemed to them to be less rewarding in economic and normative ('self-fulfilment') terms.

“This often meant that they had to forgo their professional life and stayed at home with the children out of family’s necessity rather than as personal choice, largely because their own employment seemed to them to be less rewarding in economic and normative (“self-fulfilment”) terms (see also Mazurkiewicz, 2018).”

• cites Mazurkiewicz, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The biggest class-based difference is that academic middle-class women often manage to get their children and themselves into the local networks and, thus, learn about the local system, either through the entrusted ECEC that predisposes their children to succeed educationally, or by networking with mothers who can advise them on what the best schools in the area are.

“The biggest class-based difference is that academic middle-class women often manage to get their children and themselves into the local networks and, thus, learn about the local system, either through the entrusted ECEC that predisposes their children to succeed educationally, or by networking with mothers who can advise them on what the best schools in the area are.”

May combine two claims.

In both countries, privileged women put strong emphasis on their professional role, while less privileged mothers have faced restricted labour market options.

“In both countries, they put strong emphasis on their professional role, while less privileged mothers have faced restricted labour market options.”

May combine two claims.

Andzelika used her time off with her child as a 'sabbatical', strategizing it with her migration project and using the time to take up a psychotherapist training.

“In the same vein, Andzelika has used her time off with her child as a ‘sabbatical’, strategizing it with her migration project and using the time to take up a psychotherapist training.”

May combine two claims.

Not all middle-class women are engaged in full-time employment, but they deploy a variety of strategies to adjust their career advancement with their care commitments.

“As is shown in this excerpt, not all middle-class women are engaged in full-time employment, but, they deploy a variety of strategies to adjust their career advancement with their care commitments.”

May combine two claims.

In Magda's account, the male breadwinner model, which is an ideal for many less privileged women, is also prevalent among educated women, who often see their money as 'an addition to what my husband is earning'.

“In Magda’s account we see that the male breadwinner model, which is an ideal for many less privileged women, is also prevalent among educated women, who often see their money, as “an addition to what my husband is earning”.”

May combine two claims.

While early childcare choices become tightened for all women, the CAR-related challenges of working-class mothers signify more struggles for this group.

“While the early childcare choices become tightened for all women, the CAR-related challenges of working-class mothers signify more struggles for this group.”

May combine two claims.

Academic middle-class mothers usually do not spend time in the private sphere during early motherhood, but instead gather with other mothers from the same class-based or ethnic background, normally found in (international) playgroups and local meetings (for 'expat' mothers).

“Additionally, the academic middle-class mothers usually do not spend time in the private sphere during early motherhood, but instead gather with other mothers from the same class-based or ethnic background, normally found in (international) playgroups and local meetings (for ‘expat’ mothers).”

May combine two claims.

Mothers who had white-collar careers exude trust towards expert-certified maternal capital and investments, as they buy expensive equipment (strollers, bouncy chairs) and everyday items (organic food).

“The mothers who had white-collar careers exude trust towards expert-certified maternal capital and investments, as they buy expensive equipment (strollers, bouncy chairs) and everyday items (organic food).”

May combine two claims.

In our studies, migrant women who held blue-collar jobs were less likely to be able to draw on their CARs and, ultimately, had to strategize childcare in the context of limited options.

“In our studies, migrant women who held blue-collar jobs were less likely to be able to draw on their CARs and, ultimately, had to strategize childcare in the context of limited options.”

May combine two claims.

Magda and Andzelika made use of nannies and full-time kindergartens (Kita), while Sylwia made significant effort into finding the best ECEC institution in the area.

“Magda and Andzelika made use of nannies and full-time kindergartens (Kita), while Sylwia made significant effort into finding a best ECEC institution in the area:”

May combine two claims.

Mothers in our studies mostly work when their spouses can take care of their children, thus their economic activity largely depends on their partners' willingness to share caring duties and, independently of how high their income was, it had been usually regarded as 'additional'.

“Accordingly, the mothers in our studies mostly work when their spouses can take care of their children, thus their economic activity largely depends on their partners’ willingness to share caring duties and, independently of how high their income was, it had been usually regarded as “additional”.”

May combine two claims.

Women in the upper- and middle-class group tend to question traditional gender norms as means to define their identities and usually aim to organize childcare in a way that does not hinder their professional roles.

“The women in this group tend to question traditional gender norms as means to define their identities and usually aim to organize childcare in a way that does not hinder their professional roles.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Motherhood often hinders women's labour market performance and deteriorates their economic position.

“motherhood often hinders women’s labour market performance and deteriorates their economic position (Miller, 2007; Pustułka, 2015)”

• cites Miller, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pustułka, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

An intergenerational family contract of relying on kinship is unattainable, meaning that mothers have to develop explanations and strategies for both becoming a stay-at-home parent and delegating care.

“an intergenerational family contract of relying on kinship is unattainable, meaning that mothers have to develop explanations and strategies for both becoming a stay-at-home parent and delegating care.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It is typical for female economic migrants who then transition to parenthood to call on their mothers for help and advice on their new-borns.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Due to better standardization systems for higher education certificates, those with vocational and technical trainings can find themselves at a cross-cultural disadvantage, yet may also benefit from more work opportunities in secondary employment sector for low-skilled labour abroad.

“Due to the better standardization systems for higher education certificates, those with vocational and technical trainings can find themselves at a cross-cultural disadvantage, yet may also benefit from more work opportunities in secondary employment sector for low-skilled labour abroad.”

May combine two claims.

Migration may mean that cultural capital is devalued and gender norms diverge, often effectively limiting parents' and children's future life chances.

“migration may mean that cultural capital is devalued (Weiss, 2005) and gender norms diverge (Amelina, 2013), often effectively limiting parents’ and children’s future life chances (Pratt, 2012)”

• cites Weiss, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Amelina, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pratt, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By conjuring markedly different childcare choices and availabilities of social protection, CARs prompt specific outcomes for both present and future prospects of migrant mothers and children.

“By conjuring markedly different childcare choices and availabilities of social protection, CARs prompt specific outcomes for both present and future prospects of migrant mothers and children.”

May combine two claims.

The choice of childcare provisioning strategy determines the professional pathways and social mobility of migrant women and has paramount influence on the futures of migrant children.

“The choice of childcare provisioning strategy is highly consequential, since it not only determines the professional pathways and social mobility of migrant women but has also paramount influence on the futures (e.g. educational attainment) of migrant children (Turney & Kao, 2009).”

• cites Turney & Kao, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The German governance strongly supports a socially-desirable model of a family, wherein the division between women's caring and men's providing/breadwinning roles remains quite apparent.

“the German governance strongly supports a socially-desirable model of a family, wherein the division between women’s caring and men’s providing/breadwinning roles remains quite apparent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The UK has increased investment in early-years education programmes, centrally-dependant on state funding from a top-to-bottom approach.

“we can observe an increased investment in early-years education programmes, which are, in the UK, centrally-dependant on state funding from a top-to-bottom approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Anglo-Saxon regime is typically a more 'residual' one, especially in a lesser focus on framing a particular family model and a forgone income transfer.

“the Anglo-Saxon regime is typically a more ‘residual’ one, especially in a lesser focus on framing a particular family model and a forgone income transfer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Migrant mothering is a key example for the wider issues of how capital permeates the reproduction of class.

“migrant mothering is a key example for the wider issues of how capital permeates the reproduction of class.”

May combine two claims.

Professional networks are often favoured over "ethnic" ones, which also carry risks around rivalry and distrust.

“professional networks are often favoured over “ethnic” ones, which also carry risks around rivalry and distrust”

• cites Ryan (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This has made a working mother and dual-career household model only recently acknowledged and somewhat promoted in Germany and effectively explains why the expansion of provisions in Germany proceeds at a slower pace.

“this has made a working mother and dual-career household model only recently acknowledged and somewhat promoted in the latter regime and effectively explains why the expansion of provisions in Germany proceeds at a slower pace (Evers et al., 2005, p. 204).”

• cites Evers et al., 2005, p. 204 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The governing body in the UK seeks to 'manage the childcare market' across family models, while Germany demonstrates commitment to subsidiarity and mixed approaches that foster the continuity of traditional care models.

“the governing body in the UK seeks to ‘manage the childcare market’ across family models, while Germany demonstrates commitment to subsidiarity and mixed approaches that foster the continuity of traditional care models.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In a bottom-up model, German cities and communities can incept a wider range of tailored solutions.

“In a bottom-up model, German cities and communities can incept a wider range of tailored solutions.”

May combine two claims.

With fathering less affected by social norms, men are able to continue circular migration between countries without having their parenting skills questioned.

“With fathering less affected by social norms (Pribilsky, 2004), men are able to continue circular migration between countries without having their parenting skills questioned.”

• cites Pribilsky, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Welfare benefits in Germany tended to support either an exit or a non-entry of women onto the labour markets.

“welfare benefits tended to support either an exit or a non-entry of women onto the labour markets.”

May combine two claims.

The UK model is grounded on an economic liberalism and is often characterized as a 'work-enforcing mechanism'.

“The UK model is grounded on an economic liberalism and is often characterized as a ‘work-enforcing mechanism’ (Leibfried, 1996).”

• cites Leibfried, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Migrant women construct and access a variety of networks which provide them with distinct resources.

“migrant women construct and access a variety of networks which provide them with distinct resources”

• cites Ryan (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

According to a recent representative survey research, 78% of men and 75% of women in Poland agree that a woman who has young children should not work, while around 60% of respondents claim that it is a woman who is ultimately responsible for the family.

“as many as 78% of men and 75% of women in Poland agree that a woman who has young children should not work, while around 60% of the respondents claim that it is a woman who is ultimately responsible for the family (Krzaklewska et al., 2016)”

• cites Krzaklewska et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Class intersects with gender and engenders certain configurations and normativity of labour market activities and maternal subjectivities.

“class intersects with gender and engenders certain configurations and normativity of labour market activities and maternal subjectivities (Lareau, 2000)”

• cites Lareau, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Gendered norms imported from the sending country are usually not at odds with the conditions women find after immigration to Germany and thus respondents seem to aspire to the ideal of a traditional family.

“Gendered norms imported from the sending country are usually not at odds with the conditions women find after immigration to Germany and thus respondents seem to aspire to the ideal of a traditional family.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The reasoning for expanding the dataset directly answers a call for more comparative work in migration research and yields itself to an additional in-depth analysis focused on a particular finding or aspect of the broader primary work undertaken.

“The reasoning for expanding the dataset directly answers a call for more comparative work in migration research and yields itself to an additional in-depth analysis focused on a particular finding or aspect of the broader primary work undertaken (Heaton, 1998).”

• cites Heaton, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The interviewed women largely grew up with the ethics of care in femininity models, which resulted in a gendered socialization of Polish children based on raising girls to be 'caring', and having care understood as a female obligation and task that gives women's lives a meaning.

“the interviewed women largely grew up with the ethics of care in femininity models (Gilligan, 1982), which Titkow (2007) noted resulted in a gendered socialization of Polish children based on raising girls to be ‘caring’, and having care understood as a female obligation and task that gives women’s lives a meaning (pp. 240–241).”

• cites Gilligan, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Titkow (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The presented analysis combines two separate research projects, and both the thematic similarities and the aligned qualitative approaches allow for a combination of results.

“both the thematic similarities and the aligned qualitative approaches allow for a combination of results.”

May combine two claims.

Although gender norms are changing, latest when couples have children, many couples practice a traditional male earner and female caregiver model, particularly in the Polish migrant and more religious households.

“many couples practice a traditional male earner and female caregiver model (Pfau-Effinger, 2004), particularly in the Polish migrant and more religious households (Mazurkiewicz, 2018).”

• cites Pfau-Effinger, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mazurkiewicz, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Destination regimes often capitalize on mothers as workers, yet tend to relegate women - unlike men - from working-classes into biological reproduction settings of traditional families by offering them fewer good opportunities.

“destination regimes often capitalize on mothers as workers, yet tend to relegate women – unlike men - from working-classes into biological reproduction settings of traditional families by offering them fewer good opportunities (Pustułka, 2015).”

• cites Pustułka, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While this is explicitly supported by the German welfare state orientation, the income discrepancies in the UK allow for this type of solution as well.

“While this is explicitly supported by the German welfare state orientation, the income discrepancies in the UK allow for this type of solution as well.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Living in a transnational space often means that women have limited experiences of the welfare systems and social protection schemes in the receiving country.

May combine two claims.

Neoliberalisation in Poland after the communist state reinforced a traditional family model and decreased participation of women in the labour force.

“neoliberalisation ensued after the communist state and has been paired with rolling-back the state and resulted in the reinforcement of a traditional family model and decreased participation of women in the labour force (Pustułka, 2015).”

• cites Pustułka, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This orientation concerns working-class and lower-middle-class mothers in particular because their constraint labour market position renders their waged employment less rewarding in economic terms but also with regard to their "self-fulfilment" through employment.

“This orientation concerns working-class and lower-middle-class mothers in particular because their constraint labour market position renders their waged employment less rewarding in economic terms but also with regard to their “self-fulfilment” through employment.”

May combine two claims.

People expect that 'in Germany one income is enough to live' and that institutions support the non-working housewife model through mechanisms of beneficial taxation and relatively long and generous maternal leaves.

“people expect that ‘in Germany one income is enough to live’ (Barglowski, Krzyżowski, & Świątek, 2015) and that institutions support the non-working housewife model through mechanisms of beneficial taxation and relatively long and generous maternal leaves.”

• cites Barglowski, Krzyżowski, & Świątek, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This renders maternal and family resources not nation-state-specific, but rather locates them in the realm of transnational forms of capital, which can be recognized in global and universal contexts.

“This renders maternal and family resources not nation-state-specific, but rather locates them in the realm of transnational forms of capital, which can be recognized in global and universal contexts:”

May combine two claims.

Multifarious factors alleviate the challenge of procuring care for young children and the caring strategies employed by mothers in the upper- and middle-class strata by virtue of their professional status abroad.

“Multifarious factors alleviate the challenge of procuring care for young children and the caring strategies employed by mothers located in the upper- and middle-class strata by virtue of their professional status abroad.”

May combine two claims.

Migrant caregiving is a function of gender norms in both the emigration and the immigration country, inadvertently tied to the class-based resources and subjectivity, with the welfare regime coming to play as an additional factor.

“It follows therefore that migrant caregiving is a function of gender norms in both the emigration and the immigration country, inadvertently tied to the class-based resources and subjectivity, with the welfare regime coming to play as an additional factor.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Polish cultural gender norms exert pressure on migrant mothers' childcare and employment decisions.

May combine two claims.

Bogusia deploys a typical middle-class orientation that Lareau (2000) termed 'concerted cultivation', referring to active parenting and monitoring of children, which allows the transmission of middle-class advantages from one generation to the other.

“Bogusia, for instance, deploys a typical middle-class orientation that Lareau (2000) has termed as “concerted cultivation”, referring to the active parenting and monitoring of their children, which allows the transmission of middle-class advantages from one generation to the other.”

• cites Lareau (2000) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While the specific configuration of formal and informal care depend on the opportunity structure provided by the welfare regime, the orientations and practices that mothers deploy are inherently shaped by their class background.

“While the specific configuration of formal and informal care depend on the opportunity structure provided by the welfare regime, the orientations and practices that mothers deploy are inherently shaped by their class background.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Polish cultural gender norms exert pressure on migrant mothers' childcare and employment decisions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

By being inherently linked to the class-related opportunities, which are decisive for how migrant women juggle formal and informal social protection after migration, CARs and regimes need to be analysed together.

“By being inherently linked to the class-related opportunities, which are decisive for how migrant women juggle formal and informal social protection after migration, CARs and regimes need to be analysed together.”

May combine two claims.

Care is a key dimension of migrants' class, which is deeply interrelated with experiences of migration.

“It has been demonstrated that care is a key dimension of migrants’ class, which is deeply interrelated with experiences of migration.”