Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality in Everyday Life
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Abstract
By some accounts, global economic inequality is at its highest point on record. The pernicious effects of this broad societal trend are striking: Rising inequality is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries, continents, and cultures. The economic and psychological forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and in this theoretical review, we examine the role of daily experiences of economic inequality-the communication of social class signals between interaction partners-in this process. We theorize that social class signals activate social comparison processes that strengthen group boundaries between the haves and have nots in society. In particular, we argue that class signals are a frequent, rapid, and accurate component of person perception, and we provide new data and analyses demonstrating the accuracy of class signaling in 60-s interactions, Facebook photographs, and isolated recordings of brief speech. We suggest that barriers to the reduction of economic inequality in society arise directly from this class signaling process through the augmentation of class boundaries and the elicitation of beliefs and behaviors that favor the economic status quo.
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Kraus, Park, and Tan found that when Americans were asked to judge a speaker's social class from just seven spoken words, the accuracy of their judgments was above chance.
“Kraus, Park, and Tan (2017) found that when Americans were asked to judge a speaker's social class from just seven spoken words, the accuracy of their judgments was again above chance”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Park, and Tan (2017)
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- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Park, J. W., & Tan, J. J. X.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kraus, Michael W.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 422-435
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- PMC
- PMC5453398
- OpenAlex
- W2618394217
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 56.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Yale University, School of Management
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Cultural Dynamics
- Keywords
- economic inequality, social comparison, person perception, class boundaries, everyday life, speech recordings, group boundaries
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Quality of Life, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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