The impact of a virtual teaching assistant (chatbot) on students’ learning in Ghanaian higher education
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Chatbot usage is evolving rapidly in various fields, including higher education. The present study’s purpose is to discuss the effect of a virtual teaching assistant (chatbot) that automatically responds to a student’s question. A pretest–posttest design was implemented, with the 68 participating undergraduate students being randomly allocated to scenarios representing a 2 × 2 design (experimental and control cohorts). Data was garnered utilizing an academic achievement test and focus groups, which allowed more in depth analysis of the students’ experience with the chatbot. The results of the study demonstrated that the students who interacted with the chatbot performed better academically comparing to those who interacted with the course instructor. Besides, the focus group data garnered from the experimental cohort illustrated that they were confident about the chatbot’s integration into the course. The present study essentially focused on the learning of the experimental cohort and their view regarding interaction with the chatbot. This study contributes the emerging artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot literature to improve student academic performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Ghana to integrate a chatbot to engage undergraduate students. This study provides critical information on the use and development of virtual teaching assistants using a zero-coding technique, which is the most suitable approach for organizations with limited financial and human resources.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ghanaian undergraduate students in the chatbot group better performed academically than those interacting with instructors.
“Through the pretest-posttest design, Ghanaian undergraduate students in the chatbot group better performed academically than those interacting with instructors [33].”
From A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Effect of Chatbot Technology Use in Sustainable Education (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Chatbots: History, technology, and applications
Adamopoulou, E., & Moussiades, L. (2020) · Machine Learning with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Explainable artificial intelligence: an analytical review
Angelov, P. P., Soares, E. A., Jiang, R., Arnold, N. I., & Atkinson, P. M. (2021) · WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1424 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Teacher–student relationship at university: an important yet under-researched field
Hagenauer, G., & Volet, S. (2014) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2014.921613 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review
Pérez, J. Q., Daradoumis, T., & Puig, J. M. M. (2020) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22326 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Chatbot for university related FAQs
Ranoliya, B. R., Raghuwanshi, N., & Singh, S. (2017) · 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) · doi:10.1109/icacci.2017.8126057 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Yin, J., Goh, T.-T., Yang, B., & Xiaobin, Y. (2021) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120952067 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence applications in Latin American higher education: a systematic review
Salas-Pilco, S. Z., & Yang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-022-00326-w · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Chang, C., Hwang, G., & Gau, M. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13158 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Deshpande, P. S., Abraham, A., Iyer, B., & Ma, K. (2021) · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Chatbot: An Education Support System for Student
Clarizia, F., Colace, F., Lombardi, M., Pascale, F., & Santaniello, D. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01689-0_23 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Adoption of AI-Chatbots to Enhance Student Learning Experience in Higher Education in India
Sandu, N., & Gide, E. (2019) · International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET) · doi:10.1109/ithet46829.2019.8937382 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Cano, E. V., Andrés, S. M., & Menéses, E. L. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00269-8 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Sampling Issues in Quantitative Research.
Delice, A. (2010) · Dspace Repository (Marmara Üniversitesi) · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Kumar, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00302-w · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Chatbot application in a 5th grade science course
Deveci Topal, A., Dilek Eren, C., & Kolburan Geçer, A. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10627-8 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Intelligent Assistants in Higher-Education Environments
Hien, H. T., Pham-Nguyen, C., Nam, L. N. H., Nhung, H. L. T. K., & Dinh, T. L. (2018) · International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology · doi:10.1145/3287921.3287937 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Micro Learning: A Modernized Education System
Jomah, O., Masoud, A. K., Kishore, X. P., & Aurelia, S. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A Survey on Evaluation Methods for Chatbots
Maroengsit, W., Piyakulpinyo, T., Phonyiam, K., Pongnumkul, S., Chaovalit, P., & Theeramunkong, T. (2019) · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET) · doi:10.1145/3323771.3323824 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Opportunities and Challenges in Using AI Chatbots in Higher Education
Yang, S.-S., & Evans, C. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Education and E-Learning · doi:10.1145/3371647.3371659 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
If software is narrative: Joseph Weizenbaum, artificial intelligence and the biographies of ELIZA
Natale, S. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818804980 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Chatbot as an Intelligent Personal Assistant for Mobile Language Learning
Pham, X. L., Phạm, T. H., Nguyen, Q. M., Nguyen, T. H., & Cao, T. T. H. (2018) · International Conference on Education and E-Learning (ICEEL) · doi:10.1145/3291078.3291115 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
FAQ chatbot and inclusive learning in massive open online courses
Han, S., & Lee, M. K. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104395 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Harper, K., Etkina, E., & Lin, Y. (2003) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.10111 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
An Educational Chatbot for Answering Queries
Sinha, S., Basak, S., Dey, Y., & Mondal, A. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7403-6_7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A Pilot Study Integrating an AI-driven Chatbot in an Introductory Programming Course
Verleger, M., & Pembridge, J. (2018) · 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2018.8659282 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Vlachopoulos, D., & Makri, A. (2021) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v16i06.20173 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationChatbots and virtual assistants: a bibliometric analysis
Agarwal, S., Agarwal, B., & Gupta, R. (2022) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-09-2021-0330 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
An Adaptive Learning with Gamification & Conversational UIs
Fadhil, A., & Villafiorita, A. (2017) · ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP) · doi:10.1145/3099023.3099112 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Wang, J., Hwang, G., & Chang, C. (2021) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100023 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Chatbot System for Mental Healthcare Based on SAT Counseling Method
Kamita, T., Ito, T., Matsumoto, A., Munakata, T., & Inoue, T. (2019) · Mobile Information Systems · doi:10.1155/2019/9517321 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Supporting Student-Teacher Interaction Through a Chatbot
Mendoza, S., Hernández-León, M., Sánchez-Adame, L. M., Rodríguez, J., Decouchant, D., & Meneses‐Viveros, A. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., & Tachie-Menson, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252880 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring cyber secure behavior of elementary and high school students in the Netherlands
Witsenboer, J. W. A., Sijtsma, K., & Scheele, F. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104536 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Afful, B. J., & Akrong, R. (2019) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2019.1644276 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Using a Chatterbot as a FAQ Assistant in a Course about Computers Architecture
Mikic-Fonte, F. A., Nistal, M. L., & Rodríguez, M. C. (2018) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2018.8659174 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Undergraduate Medical Students’ Perceptions on Feedback-Seeking Behaviour
Oktaria, D., & Soemantri, D. (2018) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
AI Based Student Bot for Academic Information System using Machine Learning
Vijayakumar, R., Bhuvaneshwari, B., Adith, S., & Deepika, M. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology · doi:10.32628/cseit1952171 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Designing Conversational Agent Interventions that Support Collaborative Chat Activities in MOOCs.
Tegos, S. D., Tsiatsos, T.-K., Demetriadis, S., & Psathas, G. (2019) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Automated Reply to Students' Queries in E-Learning Environment Using Web-BOT
Farhan, M., Munwar, I. M., Aslam, M., Enriquez, A. M. M., Farooq, A., Tanveer, S., & Mejia, A. P. (2012) · Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/micai.2012.18 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Chatbot for Goal-Oriented Requirements Modeling
Arruda, D., Marinho, M. B. L., Souza, E., & Wanderley, F. J. A. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24305-0_38 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Conversational AI for Corporate e-Learning
Göschlberger, B., & Brandstetter, C. (2019) · International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services (iiWAS) · doi:10.1145/3366030.3366115 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience
Mavroudis, I. A., Petridis, F. E., Kazis, D., Ionescu, C., Petroaie, A., Romila, L., Kamal, F. Z., Ciobîcă, A., Moroșan, G., Novac, B., et al. (2020) · BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/ · Cited by 15 · see citing works
How machine learning is developing to get more insight from complex voice-of-customer data
Howlett, N. (2017) · Applied marketing analytics · doi:10.69554/xvbz1375 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Teachers’ Sensemaking and Data Use Implementation in Science Classrooms
Rangel, V. S., Bell, E. R., & Monroy, C. (2019) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/0013124517727053 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Storytelling as Transdisciplinarity: An Experiment in First-Year Composition and Communication
Smith, M. T., & Evans, J. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69914-1_9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Technology Appropriation in Higher Education: The Case of Communication Educators in Ghana
Boateng, A. B., & Tindi, S. (2022) · Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities · doi:10.55544/ijrah.2.2.12 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Essel, H. B., Butakor, P. K., & Nortey, S. (2019). Summative e-examination for high stake assessment in higher education: A case of undergraduate students at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Arts & Humanities-Psychology, 19, 03.
- Gupta, S., Jagannath, K., Aggarwal, N., Sridar, R., Wilde, S., & Chen, Y. (2019). Artificially intelligently (AI) tutors in the classroom: A need assessment study of designing chatbots to support student learning. Twenty-third pacific Asia conference on information systems. 8-12 July, Xi'an, China.
- Hasançebi, B., Terzi, Y., & Küçük, Z. (2020). Distractor analysis based on item difficulty index and item discrimination index. Gümüshane University Journal of Science Institute, 10(1), 224-240.
- Hiremath, G., Hajare, A., Bhosale, P., Nanaware, R., & Wagh, K. S. (2018). Chatbot for education system. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 4(3), 37-43.
- Okonkwo, C. W., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2020). Python-Bot: A chatbot for teaching python programming. Engineering Letters, 29(1), 25-34.
- Satam, S., Nimje, T., Shetty, S., & Kurle, S. (2020). Mentoring Chatbot using Artificial Intelligence Framework. SAMRIDDHI: A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 12(1), 151-156.
- Smutny, P., & Schreiberova, P. (2020). Chatbots for learning: A review of educational chatbots for the Facebook Messenger. Computers and Education. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. compe du. 2020. 10386 2,103862 · DOI
- Tsyhaniuk, D., & Akenten, W. N. (2021). Examining budgeting and fund allocation in higher education. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks. https:// doi. org/ 10. 21272/ fmir. 5(4). 128-138. 202 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Students’ voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education
Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8 · Cited by 2,301 · see citing works
“…to be easy to use and able to assist students to express themselves in English (Gayed et al., 2022); while the use of AI-based chatbots for learning support improved students’ learning achievement, self-efficacy, learning attitude, and learning motivation (Essel et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2022).”
BackgroundRole of AI chatbots in education: systematic literature review
Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00426-1 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Sajja, R., Sermet, Y., Cikmaz, M., Cwiertny, D., & Demir, I. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15100596 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Chan, C. K. Y., & Lee, K. K. W. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00269-3 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Do <scp>AI</scp> chatbots improve students learning outcomes? Evidence from a meta‐analysis
Wu, R., & Yu, Z. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13334 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Exploring Students’ Perceptions of ChatGPT: Thematic Analysis and Follow-Up Survey
Shoufan, A. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3268224 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“They have been used to support learning [6], [7], increase students’ engagement [8], [9], assess students [10], [11], and perform various administrative functions [12], [13].”
BackgroundThe impact of ChatGPT on higher education
Dempere, J., Modugu, K., Hesham, A., & Ramasamy, L. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1206936 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Essuman, A. B., & Amankwa, J. O. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100198 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationDeng, X., & Yu, Z. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15042940 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“Through the pretest–posttest design, Ghanaian undergraduate students in the chatbot group better performed academically than t ose interacting with instructors [33].”
MethodResultAnalysing the Role of ChatGPT in Improving Student Productivity in Higher Education
Fauzi, F., Tuhuteru, L., Sampe, F., Ausat, A. M. A., & Hatta, H. R. (2023) · Journal on Education · doi:10.31004/joe.v5i4.2563 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“information related to lectures, and so on (Essel et al., 2022) and (Mendoza et al.”
BackgroundAl-Zahrani, A. M., & Alasmari, T. M. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03432-4 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Enhancing Student Engagement: Harnessing “AIED”’s Power in Hybrid Education—A Review Analysis
Almusaed, A., Almssad, A., Yitmen, İ., & Homod, R. Z. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13070632 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Tai, T., & Chen, H. H.-J. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105112 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Crawford, J., Allen, K.-A., Pani, B., & Cowling, M. (2024) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2024.2326956 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The impact of educational chatbot on student learning experience
Ait Baha, T., El Hajji, M., Es-Saady, Y., & Fadili, H. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12166-w · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Design and assessment of AI-based learning tools in higher education: a systematic review
Luo, J., Zheng, C., Yin, J., & Teo, H. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00540-2 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
From concerns to benefits: A comprehensive study of ChatGPT usage in education
Jo, H. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00471-4 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Bećirović, S., Polz, E., & Tinkel, I. (2025) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00384-3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Sun, L., & Zhou, L. (2024) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331241277937 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Redefining entrepreneurship education in the age of artificial intelligence: An explorative analysis
Vecchiarini, M., & Somià, T. (2023) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100879 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bonsu, E. M., & Baffour-Koduah, D. (2023) · Journal of Education Society & Multiculturalism · doi:10.2478/jesm-2023-0001 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Kim, A., & Su, Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103256 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Gökçearslan, Ş., Tosun, C., & Erdemir, Z. G. (2024) · International Journal of Technology in Education · doi:10.46328/ijte.600 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Yang, Q.-F., Lian, L.-W., & Zhao, J.-H. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00391-9 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Using generative artificial intelligence/ChatGPT for academic communication: Students' perspectives
Liu, Y., Park, J., & McMinn, S. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12574 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cai, L., Msafiri, M. M., & Kangwa, D. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13112-0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Students' voices on generative ai: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education
Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.00290 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
“…to be easy to use and able to assist students to express themselves in English (Gayed et al., 2022); while the use of AI-based chatbots for learning support improved students’ learning achievement, self-efficacy, learning attitude, and learning motivation (Essel et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAl-Abdullatif, A. M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13111151 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Annamalai, N., Eltahir, M. E., Zyoud, S. H., Soundrarajan, D., Zakarneh, B. M., & Alsalhi, N. R. (2023) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100148 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Are Lesson Plans Created by ChatGPT More Effective? An Experimental Study
Karaman, M. R., & Göksu, İ. (2024) · International Journal of Technology in Education · doi:10.46328/ijte.607 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Students’ Experiences of Using ChatGPT in an Undergraduate Programming Course
Haindl, P., & Weinberger, G. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3380909 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in educational leadership: a comprehensive taxonomy and future directions
Sposato, M. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00517-1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Sáiz-Manzanares, M. C., Marticorena-Sánchez, R., Martín-Antón, L. J., González Díez, I., & Almeida, L. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12843 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Impact of AI Usage on University Students’ Willingness for Autonomous Learning
Wang, L., & Li, W. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100956 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Debets, T., Banihashem, S. K., Brinke, D. J.-T., Vos, T. E. J., Wenniger, G. M. D. B., & Camp, G. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105323 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Liu, Q., & Zhao, L. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13420-z · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Msambwa, M. M., Wen, Z., & Daniel, K. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12909 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Saihi, A., Ben-Daya, M., Hariga, M., & As'ad, R. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100274 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dong, L., Tang, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100400 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Ren, X., & Wu, M. L. (2025) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01055-3 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Somià, T., & Vecchiarini, M. (2024) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-08-2023-0788 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Samala, A. D., Rawas, S., Criollo-C, S., Bojić, L., Prasetya, F., Ranuharja, F., & Marta, R. (2024) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-03538-1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ocen, S., Elasu, J., Aarakit, S. M., & Olupot, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1530247 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Aktay, S., Gök, S., & UZUNOĞLU, D. (2023) · Türk Akademik Yayınlar Dergisi · doi:10.29329/tayjournal.2023.543.03 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Review on the Use of Large Language Models as Virtual Tutors
García-Méndez, S., de Arriba-Pérez, F., & Somoza-López, M. D. C. (2024) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-024-00530-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Yin, J., Goh, T., & Hu, Y. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3364015 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Baskara, F. R. (2023) · IJORER International Journal of Recent Educational Research · doi:10.46245/ijorer.v4i2.331 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chatbots in education: Hype or help? A meta-analysis
Laun, M., & Wolff, F. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102646 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Daniel, K., Msambwa, M. M., & Wen, Z. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70036 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Makda, F. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12899-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Systematic Review of AI-Driven Approaches to Self-Directed Learning
Younas, M., Abdel Salam El-Dakhs, D., & Jiang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546319 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Marengo, A., Pagano, A., Pange, J., & Soomro, K. A. (2024) · Interactive Technology and Smart Education · doi:10.1108/itse-11-2023-0218 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Fuchs, K., & Aguilos, V. (2023) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.9.1939 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Can Students without Prior Knowledge Use ChatGPT to Answer Test Questions? An Empirical Study
Shoufan, A. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3628162 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Celik, I., Gedrimiene, E., Siklander, S., & Muukkonen, H. (2024) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.9069 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Exploring the potential of LLM to enhance teaching plans through teaching simulation
Hu, B., Zhu, J., Pei, Y., & Gu, X.-Q. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00300-x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The effect of AI-powered chatbots in social studies education
Yeti̇şensoy, O., & Karaduman, H. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12485-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Khurma, O. A., Albahti, F., Ali, N., & Bustanji, A. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/14334 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Students' mindset to adopt AI chatbots for effectiveness of online learning in higher education
Rahman, M. K., Ismail, N. A., Hossain, D., & Hossen, M. S. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00459-0 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Liu, X., Guo, B., He, W., & Hu, X. (2025) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331251329185 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fakhar, H., Lamrabet, M., Echantoufi, N., khattabi, K. E., & Ajana, L. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2024.0150450 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Falebita, O. S., & Kok, P. J. (2024) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-024-00252-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Revesai, Z. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2549787 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Arakawa, R., & Yakura, H. (2024) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3640794.3665549 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ülkü, A. (2023) · Tourism & Management Studies · doi:10.18089/tms.2023.190402 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Sheng, H., Wang, Y., Cai, X., & Long, T. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15050554 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Exploring New AI-Based Technologies to Enhance Students’ Motivation
Neji, W., Boughattas, N., & Ziadi, F. (2023) · Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology · doi:10.28945/5149 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Poláková, P., & Klímová, B. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2355385 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Uncovering the Reasons behind Willingness to Pay for ChatGPT-4 Premium
Jo, H. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2307692 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Xi, L., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105494 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hu, Y.-H., Hsieh, C.-L., & Salac, E. S. N. (2024) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102885 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fu, C., Silalahi, A. D. K., Shih, I.-T., Phuong, D. T. T., Eunike, I. J., & Jargalsaikhan, S. (2024) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2024/8114315 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hong, J., & Tai, T. (2024) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2024.2347884 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rueda de la Pedagogía para la Inteligencia Artificial: adaptación de la Rueda de Carrington
Jiménez-García, E., Orenes-Martínez, N., & Fraile, L. A. L. (2023) · RIED Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia · doi:10.5944/ried.27.1.37622 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Designing a Chatbot for Contemporary Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Ramandanis, D., & Xinogalos, S. (2023) · Information · doi:10.3390/info14090503 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Abedi, M., Alshybani, I., Shahadat, M., & Murillo, M. S. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/md04b0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
From prompt to polished: Exploring student-chatbot interactions for academic writing assistance
Usher, M., & Amzalag, M. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15030329 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Generative Content for enhancing motivation in learning
Guo, J., Ma, Y., Li, T., Noetel, M., Liao, K., & Greiff, S. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102547 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in higher education, opportunities, and challenges: a review
AlBlooshi, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1683968 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Using Artificial Intelligence for Higher Education: An Overview and Future Research Avenues
Aguado-García, J.-M., Alonso‐Muñoz, S., & De‐Pablos‐Heredero, C. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251340352 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
AI chatbots in programming education: guiding success or encouraging plagiarism
Akçapınar, G., & Sidan, E. (2024) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00203-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Exploring the Effectiveness of AI Course Assistants on the Student Learning Experience
Hanshaw, G., Vance, J., & Brewer, C. (2024) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.16.4.719 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bonsu, E., & Baffour-Koduah, D. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4387107 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Moreover, we support the recommendation by Essel et al. (2022) that universities should endeavor to establish Educational Technology Centers to manage such innovations permeating higher education. While the benefits were acknowledged, educational stakeholders should strategize measures to control the ChatGPT’s use whi…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAgyare, B. O., Asare, J., Kraishan, A., Nkrumah, I., & Adjekum, D. K. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100365 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ramandanis, D., & Xinogalos, S. (2023) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti7110103 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Han, I., Ji, H., Jin, S., & Choi, K. (2026) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-025-09434-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
AI Adoption for Collaboration: Factors Influencing Inclusive Learning Adoption in Higher Education
Alyoussef, I. Y., Drwish, A. M., Albakheet, F. A., Alqahtani, R. H. A., & Technology, A. A. A. E. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567656 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pacheco, R. J. P., Gutiérrez-Ramos, E. A., Chica-Montero, N. J., Alemán-Aguay, J. A., Rondal-Guanotasig, M. D. C., & Cóndor, K. S. M. (2024) · Metaverse Basic and Applied Research · doi:10.56294/mr202468 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
To adopt or to ban? Student perceptions and use of generative AI in higher education
Farinosi, M., & Melchior, C. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05982-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
AI Meets the Classroom: When Does ChatGPT Harm Learning?Preprint
Lehmann, M., Cornelius, P. B., & Sting, F. J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4941259 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Designing chatbots in language classrooms: an empirical investigation from user learning experience
Wiboolyasarin, W., Wiboolyasarin, K., Tiranant, P., Boonyakitanont, P., & Jinowat, N. (2024) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00319-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chatbots in higher education: a systematic review
Lambebo, E. A., & Chen, H. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2436931 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Aguilar-Cruz, P. J., & Salas‐Pilco, S. Z. (2025) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2025.2451865 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kangwa, D., Msafiri, M. M., & Fute, A. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70109 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mohammed, I. A., Bello, A., & Ayuba, B. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13293-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sun, L., & Zhou, L. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13236-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Huang, S.-K., & Chen, C. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70094 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chamorro-Atalaya, O., Huarcaya-Godoy, M., Durán-Herrera, V., Nieves-Barreto, C., Suarez-Bazalar, R., Cruz-Telada, Y., Anco, R. J. A., Mamani, H. M. H., Vargas-Díaz, A., & Balarezo-Mares, D. (2023) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.22.9.9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Abedi, M., Alshybani, I., Shahadat, M., & Murillo, M. S. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/md04b0.2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhong, Y., Lian, J., Huang, H., & Deng, H. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13237-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., Johnson, E. E., & Baah, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (GH)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios
- Venue
- International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education
- Published
- 2022-11-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2365-9440 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4308947461
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 81.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Keywords
- chatbots, virtual teaching assistants, artificial intelligence in education, academic performance, undergraduate students, student perceptions, Ghanaian higher education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
