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Delusion formation and reasoning biases in those at clinical high risk for psychosis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Cognitive models propose that faulty appraisal of anomalous experiences is critical in developing psychosis, particularly delusions. A data gathering bias may be fundamental to abnormal appraisal Aims: To examine whether there is a data gathering bias in people at high risk of developing psychosis Method: Individuals with an at-risk mental state (n=35) were compared with a matched group of healthy volunteers (n=23). Participants were tested using a modified version of the ‘beads’ reasoning task with different levels of task difficulty Results: When task demands were high, the at-risk group made judgements on the basis of less information than the control group (P < 0.05). Within both groups, jumping to conclusions was directly correlated with the severity of abnormal beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty (P<0.05). In the at-risk group it was also associated with impaired working memory (P<0.05), whereas in the control group poor working memory was associated with a more conservative response style (P<0.05) Conclusions: People with an at-risk mental state display a jumping to conclusions reasoning style, associated with impaired working memory and intolerance of uncertainty. This may underlie a tendency to develop abnormal beliefs and a vulnerability to psychosis
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“Indeed, one study has shown that IU is elevated in those with an at‐risk state of psychosis, compared to controls (Broome et al., 2007).”
From Intolerance of uncertainty, paranoia, and prodromal symptoms: Comparisons between a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, anxiety disorder and non‐clinical sample. (2025) · cites this paper as Broome et al., 2007
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“, 2007], including cognitive deficits [Broome et al., 2007; Keefe et al., 2006; Wood et al., 2003], reductions in frontal and temporal gray matter volume [Borgwardt et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Randomized Experimental Investigation of Reasoning Training for People With Delusions
Ross, K., Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn165 · Cited by 150
“That the bias is present in at-risk populations and in remitted groups, although in an attenuated form, suggests it is a trait representing liability to delusions but that it may in addition be exacerbated in acute delusional states.(16,24,26,29) Taken together, this research indicates that this bias is a trait that m…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationUncertainty and Cognitive Control
Mushtaq, F., Bland, A. R., & Schaefer, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00249 · Cited by 174
Neural correlates of executive function and working memory in the ‘at-risk mental state’
Broome, M. R., Matthíasson, P., Fusar‐Poli, P., Woolley, J. B., Johns, L., Tabraham, P., Bramon, E., Valmaggia, L., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., et al. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046789 · Cited by 153
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“…but the same mechanisms could just as easily result in a new or reinforced maladaptive strategy, perhaps best exemplified by a psychotic ‘flight from reality’ (Broome et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2014; Lyon et al., 1994) or progressive reinforcement of other psychological defence mechanisms.”
BackgroundGarety, P. A., Waller, H., Emsley, R., Jolley, S., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Fowler, D. G., Hardy, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu103 · Cited by 120
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Garety, P., Joyce, E., Jolley, S., Emsley, R., Waller, H., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., & Freeman, D. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.035 · Cited by 126
“The association with working memory is also consistent with that reported by Broome et al. (2007).”
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“, 2005) and higher delusional conviction (Broome et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2008; Garety et al., 2005).”
Self-citationSo, S. H., Siu, N. Y.-F., Wong, H.-L., Chan, W., & Garety, P. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.001 · Cited by 142
“…a tendency to come to a hasty decision under ambiguity may also be prominent in individuals with anxiety and a need for closure (Bensi & Giusberti, 2007; Broome et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2006), or individuals with deficits in working memory and executive functioning (Lunt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDifferentiating intolerance of uncertainty from three related but distinct constructs
Rosen, N. O., Ivanova, E. L., & Knaüper, B. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.815743 · Cited by 167
“Recent studies have linked IU to other psychopathologies, including psychosis (Broome et al., 2007) and eating disorders (Sternheim, Startup, & Schmidt, 2011), suggesting that IU may be an important target in clinical interventions for these disorders.”
BackgroundCognitive Biases Questionnaire for psychosis.
Peters, E., Moritz, S., Schwannauer, M., Wiseman, Z., Greenwood, K., Scott, J., Beck, A., Donaldson, C., Hagen, R., Ross, K., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs199 · Cited by 109
Self-citationPerceptions of hostility by persons with and without persecutory delusions
Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Michael, C. O., Basso, M. R., Wiedeman, R., Siebenmorgan, M., Tiegreen, J. A., & Chapman, D. (2009) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800902732970 · Cited by 102
“, 2000), a form of the jumping to conclusions bias in which decisions are made quickly (Broome et al., 2007; Moritz & Woodward, 2005), or a problem in generating alternatives, indicating cognitive rigidity (Freeman et al.”
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The relationship between schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs via cognitive processes.
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Self-citationA role for ownership and authorship in the analysis of thought insertion
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“The jumping to conclusion bias has previously been linked with impairments in working memory and modafinil may ameliorate those, hence improving delusional ideation (Broome et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTuente, S. K., Bogaerts, S., Bulten, E., Vos, M. K.-D., Vos, M., Bokern, H., van IJzendoorn, S., Geraets, C., & Veling, W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072258 · Cited by 81
Do Antipsychotics Improve Reasoning Biases? A Review
So, S., Garety, P., Peters, E., & Kapur, S. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181e7cca6 · Cited by 75
Self-citationGarrido, M. I., Barnes, G. R., Kumaran, D., Maguire, E. A., & Dolan, R. J. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.016 · Cited by 72
“…www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate /yn img Ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives hippocampal theta oscillations induced by mismatch computations Marta I. Garrido a,b,c,⁎, Gareth R. Barnes d, Dharshan Kumaran e, Eleanor A. Maguire d, Raymond J. Dolan d a Queensland Brain Institute, The University of…”
BackgroundInfluentialAndreou, C., Moritz, S., Veith, K., Veckenstedt, R., & Naber, D. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt064 · Cited by 76
Spatial working memory in individuals at high risk for psychosis: longitudinal fMRI study.
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“These findings indicate functional abnormalites in the ARMS group became more evident as the task demands increased, in line with previous studies employing traditional working memory tasks (Broome et al., 2007).”
ResultSelf-citationMoritz, S., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Hottenrott, B., Woodward, T. S., von Eckstaedt, F. V., Schmidt, C. S., Jelinek, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005923 · Cited by 68
“those with high schizotypal symptoms) respectively (e.g. Van Dael et al. 2006 ; Broome et al. 2007; Ziegler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundAtypical processing of uncertainty in individuals at risk for psychosis
Cole, D. M., Diaconescu, A. O., Pfeiffer, U. J., Brodersen, K. H., Mathys, C. D., Julkowski, D., Ruhrmann, S., Schilbach, L., Tittgemeyer, M., Vogeley, K. T., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102239 · Cited by 72
Jumping to conclusions in schizophrenia
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“Broome et al 67 tested individuals showing prodromal symptoms of psychosis on a modified version of the beads task with different levels of task difficulty.”
BackgroundTripoli, G., Quattrone, D., Ferraro, L., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Rodríguez, V., Cascia, C. L., Barbera, D. L., Sartorio, C., Seminerio, F., Tarricone, I., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171900357x · Cited by 59
Freeman, D. H., Startup, H. M., Dunn, G., Černis, E., Wingham, G., Pugh, K., Cordwell, J., Mander, H., & Kingdon, D. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000592 · Cited by 59
Rethinking delusions: A selective review of delusion research through a computational lens
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“Other pre-described neurocognitive domains such as working memory (Broome et al., 2007; Ormrod et al., 2011), verbal learning and memory or mastery (Lysaker et al., 2011; Buck et al., 2012) have not been evaluated in our study.”
Neural correlates of visuospatial working memory in the ‘at-risk mental state’
Broome, M. R., Fusar‐Poli, P., Matthíasson, P., Woolley, J. B., Valmaggia, L., Johns, L., Tabraham, P., Bramon, E., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., et al. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000280 · Cited by 42
“This suggests that functional abnormalities in the ARMS group became more evident as the task demands were increased, as has been reported in behavioural studies of other paradigms (Broome et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEpistemic Benefits of Elaborated and Systematized Delusions in Schizophrenia
Bortolotti, L. (2015) · British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axv024 · Cited by 50
Psychotic Experiences and Working Memory: A Population-Based Study Using Signal-Detection Analysis
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“Moreover, an association between JTC and WM has been reported[35–37, 85] although this has not been addressed in terms of SDT.”
BackgroundResult‘Jumping to conclusions’ in first‐episode psychosis: A longitudinal study
Dudley, R. E. J., Daley, K., Nicholson, M., Shaftoe, D., Spencer, H. M., Cavanagh, K., & Freeston, M. H. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12023 · Cited by 37
Cognitive factors associated with subclinical delusional ideation in the general population
Zawadzki, J. A., Woodward, T. S., Sokolowski, H. M., Boon, H. S., Wong, A. H. C., & Menon, M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.004 · Cited by 50
“Similarly, a greater ‘need for closure’ has been found to be associated with delusional ideation in clinical populations (Colbert et al., 2006; Broome et al., 2007).”
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“Evidence of jumping to conclusions has also been found in populations that are delusion-prone (Colbert & Peters, 2002), at high risk for psychosis (Broome et al., 2007), and with a first episode of psychosis (Falcone et al.”
BackgroundJumping to conclusions: the psychology of delusional reasoning
Garety, P., Freeman, D., Jolley, S., Ross, K., Waller, H., & Dunn, G. (2011) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.109.007104 · Cited by 47
Self-citationDual-process theory, conflict processing, and delusional belief
Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Joormann, J., Corlett, P. R., & Cannon, T. D. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101748 · Cited by 68
“Another study (Broome et al., 2007) found that putatively prodromal individuals jump to conclusions only when task”
BackgroundReasoning in psychosis: risky but not necessarily hasty
Moritz, S., Scheu, F., Andreou, C., Pfueller, U., Weisbrod, M., & Roesch-Ely, D. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1136611 · Cited by 46
“1996; Peters & Garety, 2006) and in people at high risk of developing psychosis who display more trait-like aberrations (Broome et al., 2007; Lincoln, Salzmann, Ziegler, & Westermann, 2011; Van Dael et al., 2006).”
Background‘Jumping to conclusions’ in first-episode psychosis
Dudley, R. E. J., Shaftoe, D., Cavanagh, K., Spencer, H. M., Ormrod, J., Turkington, D., & Freeston, M. H. (2011) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00258.x · Cited by 44
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Failing to ponder? delusion‐prone individuals rush to conclusions
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“On the draws-to-decision (DTD) version of this task, participants view as many beads as they choose before deciding which jar was selected, whereupon the trial is terminated.”
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Impaired verbal self-monitoring in individuals at high risk of psychosis
Johns, L., Allen, P., Valli, I., Winton‐Brown, T., Broome, M. R., Woolley, J., Tabraham, P., Day, F., Howes, O. D., Wykes, T., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991991 · Cited by 39
“2006), and in people with an ARMS (Broome et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationDelusional Beliefs and Reason Giving
Bortolotti, L., & Broome, M. (2008) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515080802516212 · Cited by 40
“Although certain reasoning biases are more pronounced in deluded and high risk samples (Broome et al., 2007), the explanation of the puzzling nature of delusions has to be found elsewhere.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeLuca, J. S., Andorko, N. D., Chibani, D., Jay, S. Y., Rouhakhtar, P. R., Petti, E., Klaunig, M. J., Thompson, E. C., Millman, Z. B., Connors, K. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000211 · Cited by 46
“For individuals at CHR, the JTC bias is associated with more severe positive symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and impaired working memory (Broome et al., 2007; Winton-Brown et al., 2015).”
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“Peters et al., 2008; Woodward et al., 2009; van Dael et al., 2006; Broome et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2005).”
Self-citationJumping to conclusions in psychosis: A faulty appraisal
Rubio, J. L., Ruíz-Veguilla, M., Hernández, L., Barrigón, M. L., Salcedo, M. D., Moreno, J. M., Milán, E. G., Moritz, S., & Ferrín, M. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.008 · Cited by 39
“…bias has been reported in close relatives of schizophrenia patients (van Dael et al., 2006) and individuals at a high clinical risk of psychosis (Broome et al., 2007), and it may be associated with higher levels of conviction in paranoid thoughts within the general population (Freeman et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialExplaining pathologies of belief
Davies, A. A. A., & Davies, M. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199238033.003.0016 · Cited by 39
“…measured neural activation as subjects responded to 12 It is of some interest to note that, in a study of individuals at high risk for psychosis (Broome et al., 2007), the at-risk group performed significantly worse than healthy control participants on a test of working memory (a simple span…”
BackgroundInvestigation of metamemory functioning in the at-risk mental state for psychosis
Eisenacher, S., Rausch, F., Ainser, F., Mier, D., Veckenstedt, R., Schirmbeck, F., Lewien, A., Englisch, S., Andreou, C., Moritz, S., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001373 · Cited by 37
“In patients with schizophrenia, metacognitive abilities have often been found to be biased (Levine et al. 2004; Broome et al. 2007; Fine et al. 2007; So et al. 2012; Eifler et al. 2014b; Rausch et al. 2014), demonstrating deviations in the selection, appraisal and processing of information (Moritz et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialTesting a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder in the eating disorders.
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Probabilistic reasoning in patients with body dysmorphic disorder
Reese, H. E., McNally, R. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.11.005 · Cited by 32
“Such biases occur in individuals who are exhibiting attenuated psychotic symptoms (Broome et al., 2007), individuals in the general population with high levels of delusional ideation (Colbert & Peters, 2002; Warman & Martin, 2006), and in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDelusional evidence-responsiveness
Flores, C. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03070-2 · Cited by 33
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Cognitive‐Behavioural Interventions
Jolley, S., & Garety, P. A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470978672.ch7 · Cited by 32
Self-citationNeuropsychological functioning and jumping to conclusions in recent onset psychosis patients.
González, L., López-Carrilero, R., Barrigón, M., Grasa, E., Barajas, A., Pousa, E., González-Higueras, F., Ruiz-Delgado, I., Cid, J., Lorente-Rovira, E., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.039 · Cited by 32
“…JTC is more frequent in deluded patients than in non-deluded patients (Garety and Freeman, 2013), while it has also been reported in people in remission and in the general population at risk of psychosis (Broome et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2008; Gawęda and Prochwicz, 2015; Van Dael et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDelusion‐proneness or miscomprehension? A re‐examination of the jumping‐to‐conclusions bias
Balzan, R. P., Delfabbro, P., & Galletly, C. A. (2011) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00032.x · Cited by 30
Ormrod, J., Shaftoe, D., Cavanagh, K., Freeston, M., Turkington, D., Price, J. P., & Dudley, R. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2011.569372 · Cited by 32
“A study by Broome et al. (2007) sought to investigate the hypothesised link between JTC and ‘‘bead-span’’ in individuals identified as being at ‘‘high risk of developing psychoses’’.”
BackgroundPot-Kolder, R., Veling, W., Counotte, J., & van der Gaag, M. (2017) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx119 · Cited by 31
Dopamine effects on evidence gathering and integration.
Andreou, C., Schneider, B. C., Braun, V., Kolbeck, K., Gallinat, J., & Moritz, S. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140306 · Cited by 31
Rausch, F., Mier, D., Eifler, S., Fenske, S. C., Schirmbeck, F., Englisch, S., Schilling, C., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Kirsch, P., & Zink, M. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140191 · Cited by 30
Clinical and Cognitive Correlates of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Delusional Disorder Outpatients
Portugal, E., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., González, N., del Amo, V., Haro, J. M., & Cervilla, J. A. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.551279 · Cited by 31
“We were unable to fi nd a study in DD that specifi cally evaluated working memory, despite the fact that previous studies in schizophrenia have related this function to alterations in the ability to understand the mental states of other people (theory of mind [47,48] and abnormal probabilistic reasoning) a tendency to…”
ResultJumping to Conclusions bias, BADE and Feedback Sensitivity in schizophrenia and schizotypy.
Juárez-Ramos, V., Rubio, J., Delpero, C., Mioni, G., Stablum, F., & Gómez-Milán, E. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.03.006 · Cited by 29
“The dimensional model of schizophrenia predicts unifying cognitive biases or that these cognitive biases may combine to contribute to the formation of the delusional aspects of psychosis (Buchy et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInvestigating the ‘Jumping to Conclusions’ Bias in People with Anorexia Nervosa
McKenna, G., Fox, J. R. E., & Haddock, G. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2310 · Cited by 26
Jumping to delusions in early psychosis
Langdon, R., Still, M., Connors, M. H., Ward, P. B., & Catts, S. V. (2014) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2013.854198 · Cited by 27
Rüegg, N., Moritz, S., Berger, T., Lüdtke, T., & Westermann, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1644-8 · Cited by 40
“These biases might increase the likelihood of psychotic symptoms [38].”
BackgroundArmando, M., Lin, A. P., Girardi, P., Righetti, V., Dario, C., Saba, R., Crescenzo, F. D., Mazzone, L., Vicari, S., Birchwood, M. J., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000050 · Cited by 25
“The scale has previously been used in studies investigating delusion formation (Broome et al., 2007), anxiety, and depression (Boelen and Reijntjes, 2009; Buhr and Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodBastiaens, T., Claes, L., Smits, D., Wachter, D. D., van der Gaag, M., & Binder, M. D. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.037 · Cited by 32
“As far back as 1988, Huq et al. described biases in data gathering, also known as Jumping To Conclusions (JTC), which appear to be present in ongoing delusional psychosis (Garety et al., 2005) as well as in at-risk state for psychosis (Broome et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBroome, M. R., Day, F., Valli, I., Valmaggia, L., Johns, L., Howes, O. D., Garety, P. A., & McGuire, P. K. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.008 · Cited by 25
“These findings support our earlier finding that suggested a link between working memory and cognitive mechanisms of delusion formation [8].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationKim, K. R., Lee, S. Y., Kang, J. I., Kim, B. R., Choi, S., Park, J. Y., Lee, E. M., An, S. K., & Kwon, J. S. (2011) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00267.x · Cited by 25
Does Intolerance of Uncertainty Affect the Magnitude of Limitations or Pain Intensity?
Donthula, D., Kortlever, J. T. P., Ring, D., Donovan, E. E., Reichel, L. M., & Vagner, G. A. (2019) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000001042 · Cited by 33
“These high levels were also found in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorders, eating disorders, and psychosis [5, 6, 8, 11, 17, 23, 26, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44].”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Clinical Disorders
Wever, M. C. M., Smeets, P. A. M., & Sternheim, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14120387 · Cited by 33
“have demonstrated that elevated intolerance of uncertainty may play a role in a wider range of psychological disorders such as major depressive disorder,(11,12) eating disorders, and psychosis.(16) These findings indicate that intolerance of uncertainty is not a ubiquitous characteristic specific to”
BackgroundData Gathering Bias: Trait Vulnerability to Psychotic Symptoms?
Catalán, A., Simons, C., Bustamante, S., Olazabal, N., Ruiz, E., de Artaza, M. G., Penas, A., Maurottolo, C., González, A., van Os, J., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132442 · Cited by 26
Ermakova, A. O., Ramachandra, P., Corlett, P. R., Fletcher, P. C., & Murray, G. K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102683 · Cited by 26
“There is a possible involvement of the working memory impairments in the JTC bias [25,26], and methamphetamine improves at least some types of memory [27].”
Evans, S., Almahdi, B., Sultan, P., Sohanpal, I., Brandner, B., Collier, T., Shergill, S. S., Cregg, R., & Averbeck, B. B. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111435252 · Cited by 23
“There is also evidence of a JTC tendency in prodromal groups (Broome et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCost Evaluation During Decision-Making in Patients at Early Stages of PsychosisPreprint
Ermakova, A., Gileadi, N., Knolle, F., Justicia, A., Anderson, R., Fletcher, P., Moutoussis, M., & Murray, G. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/225920 · Cited by 25
“Motivational factors, such as intolerance of uncertainty (Bentall & Swarbrick, 2003; Broome et al., 2007), a “need for closure” (Colbert & Peters, 2002), a cost to self-esteem of seeming to need more information (Bentall & Swarbrick, 2003), or an abnormal “hypersalience of evidence” (Esslinger et al.”
BackgroundRausch, F., Eisenacher, S., Elkin, H., Englisch, S., Kayser, S., Striepens, N., Lautenschlager, M., Heinz, A., Gudlowski, Y., Janssen, B., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000465 · Cited by 25
“…Garety et al. 2014), in patients with first-episode psychosis (Falcone et al. 2014), in patients with current and remitted delusions (Dudley et al. 1997; Colbert et al. 2010), in delusion-prone individuals (Colbert & Peters, 2002; White & Mansell, 2009) and in ARMS patients (Broome et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPredicting intolerance of uncertainty in individuals with eating disorder symptoms
Sternheim, L. C., Fisher, M., Harrison, A., & Watling, R. (2017) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-017-0152-4 · Cited by 30
“Originally studied as a predictor of worry and general anxiety disorder (GAD [18]), in the last decade researchers have recognised IU as a predictor for a wide range of psychopathologies, including anxiety and depression [19–21], obsessive-compulsive symptoms [22], emotional problems [23, 24] and psychosis [25].”
Lincoln, T. M., Salzmann, S., Ziegler, M., & Westermann, S. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.09.005 · Cited by 24
Social relationships and quality of life moderate distress associated with delusional ideation
Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J., Jackson, H. J., & Fernandez, K. C. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0738-3 · Cited by 25
“, individuals with an ‘‘at risk mental state’’) [37].”
Neural correlates of movement generation in the ‘at‐risk mental state’
Broome, M. R., Matthíasson, P., Fusar‐Poli, P., Woolley, J. B., Johns, L., Tabraham, P., Bramon, E., Valmaggia, L., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., et al. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01524.x · Cited by 21
“Some neuropsychological deficits in the ARMS may only become evident when the task demands are high (10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntolerance of uncertainty and psychosis: A systematic review
Morriss, J., Butler, D., & Ellett, L. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12509 · Cited by 21
“There was one study that used a between-subjects design and found a large effect size ( d = 1.11) for the difference in intolerance of uncertainty between individuals with an ‘at-risk’ mental state of psychosis and matched healthy controls (Broome et al., 2007).”
InfluentialWinton‐Brown, T., Broome, M. R., Allen, P., Valli, I., Howes, O. D., Garety, P. A., Johns, L., & McGuire, P. K. (2014) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.416 · Cited by 15
“We have previously shown that at clinical presentation, ARMS subjects have both a JTC bias and VSM impairments relative to controls [2,20].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationParanoid induction reduces N400s of healthy subjects with delusional‐like ideation
Prévost, M., Rodier, M., Lionnet, C., Brodeur, M. B., King, S., & Debruille, J. B. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01160.x · Cited by 22
Andreou, C., Schneider, B. C., Balzan, R., Luedecke, D., Roesch-Ely, D., & Moritz, S. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research: Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.02.001 · Cited by 20
The tendency to stop collecting information is linked to illusions of causality
Moreno-Fernández, M. M., Blanco, F., & Matute, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82075-w · Cited by 16
Stovell, D., Wearden, A. J., Morrison, A. P., & Hutton, P. (2016) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2016.1145730 · Cited by 21
Golembiewski, J. A. (2013) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/02632771311324981 · Cited by 18
Cole, J. H., Filippetti, M. L., Allin, M. P. G., Walshe, M., Nam, K. W., Gutman, B. A., Murray, R. M., Rifkin, L., Thompson, P. M., & Nosarti, C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130094 · Cited by 15
“This cognitive bias has been put forward as a possible mechanism of delusion formation and maintenance [85] and has been associated with impaired working memory [86].”
BackgroundA replication study of JTC bias, genetic liability for psychosis and delusional ideation
Henquet, C., van Os, J., Pries, L., Rauschenberg, C., Delespaul, P., Kenis, G., Luykx, J., Lin, B.-C. D., Richards, A., Akdede, B., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003578 · Cited by 17
“These general population studies have revealed that JTC is more frequently present in individuals with prodromal symptoms of psychosis (Broome et al., 2007) as well as in individuals scoring high on the CAPE (Lincoln, Lange, Burau, Exner, & Moritz, 2010) and other measures of subclinical delusional ideation (Menon et…”
InfluentialJepsen, J. R. M., Rydkjær, J., Fagerlund, B., Pagsberg, A. K., Jespersen, R. A. F., Glenthoj, B. Y., & Oranje, B. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001921 · Cited by 18
“2015), or clinical high-risk for psychosis (Broome et al. 2007).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Broome, M. R., Johns, L. C., Valli, I., Woolley, J. B., Tabraham, P., Brett, C., Valmaggia, L., Peters, E., Garety, P. A., & McGuire, P. K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Broome, M. R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- S51
- Pages
- s38-s42
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2027555607
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- delusion formation, clinical high risk for psychosis, reasoning biases, jumping to conclusions, intolerance of uncertainty, working memory, anomalous experiences, response styles
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Delusions, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Intelligence, Judgment, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders
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