Psychotic Experiences and Working Memory: A Population-Based Study Using Signal-Detection Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Psychotic Experiences (PEs) during adolescence index increased risk for psychotic disorders and schizophrenia in adult life. Working memory (WM) deficits are a core feature of these disorders. Our objective was to examine the relationship between PEs and WM in a general population sample of young people in a case control study. 4744 individuals of age 17-18 from Bristol and surrounding areas (UK) were analyzed in a cross-sectional study nested within the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort study. The dependent variable was PEs, assessed using the semi-structured Psychosis-Like Symptom Interview (PLIKSi). The independent variable was performance on a computerized numerical n-back working memory task. Signal-Detection Theory indices, including standardized hits rate, false alarms rate, discriminability index (d') and response bias (c) from 2-Back and 3-Back tasks were calculated. 3576 and 3527 individuals had complete data for 2-Back and 3-Back respectively. Suspected/definite PEs prevalence was 7.9% (N = 374). Strongest evidence of association was seen between PEs and false alarms on the 2-Back, (odds ratio (OR) = 1.17 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.01, 1.35]) and 3-back (OR = 1.35 [1.18, 1.54]) and with c (OR = 1.59 [1.09, 2.34]), and lower d' (OR = 0.76 [0.65, 0.89]), on the 3-Back. Adjustment for several potential confounders, including general IQ, drug exposure and different psycho-social factors, and subsequent multiple imputation of missing data did not materially alter the results. WM is impaired in young people with PEs in the general population. False alarms, rather than poor accuracy, are more closely related to PEs. Such impairment is consistent with different neuropsychological models of psychosis focusing on signal-to-noise discrimination, probabilistic reasoning and impaired reality monitoring as a basis of psychotic symptoms.
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Schizotypy is generally associated with impairments in WM.
“studies reported that schizotypy is generally associated with impairments in WM”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Rossi et al., 2016
The Introduction (Background) says a large body of work reports an association between working-memory deficits and schizotypy. It also says the results are mixed, so the claim’s unqualified suggestion of a general pattern overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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“For example, studies reported that schizotypy is generally associated with impairments in WM (see Giakoumaki, 2012 for review; Rossi et al., 2016; Schmidt‐Hansen & Honey, 2009), although the association of traits in the ‘Big Five’ model and WM showed mixed results (Dima et al.”
BackgroundCognitive Dysfunction as a Risk Factor for Psychosis
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- Authors
- Rossi, R., Zammit, S., Button, K. S., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., & David, A. S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Bath (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rossi, Rodolfo
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-04-27
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0153148
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4847914
- OpenAlex
- W2344015904
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2), 102215)
- United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration
- Cancer Research UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- King's College London
- University of Bristol (102215/2/13/2)
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- Medical Research Council (102215, ref: 102215/2/13/2, G0901885, 102215/2/13/2, MR/L010305/1, MC_PC_15018)
- Economic and Social Research Council (102215/2/13/2)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- psychotic experiences, working memory, signal detection theory, false alarm rate, n-back task, adolescents, psychosis risk, schizophrenia risk, signal-to-noise discrimination, reality monitoring, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Psychotic Disorders, Risk, Case-Control Studies
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