The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control
Open accessAbstract
Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be related to a dysfunction in frontostriatal pathways mediating inhibitory control. However, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has tested this in children. Aims: To test whether adolescents with OCD in partial remission would show abnormal frontostriatal brain activation during tasks of inhibition. Method: Event-related fMRI was used to compare brain activation in 10 adolescent boys with OCD with that of 9 matched controls during three different tasks of inhibitory control. Results: During a ‘stop’ task, participants with OCD showed reduced activation in right orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia; inhibition failure elicited mesial frontal underactivation. Task switching and interference inhibition were associated with attenuated activation in frontal, temporoparietal and cerebellar regions. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that paediatric OCD is characterised by a dysregulation of frontostriatothalamic brain regions necessary for motor inhibition, and also demonstrate dysfunction of temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive forms of inhibition.
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Claims the paper makes
26 No full text of the sources · 11 Own interpretation · 11 Own result · 10 Own method · 3 Partly supported · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Dysfunction of these two interconnected brain regions in the context of errors supports the view of a neurocognitive dysregulation of performance monitoring functions in OCD. 26,27”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
- Partly supportedcites [27] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links anterior cingulate activation to performance monitoring, but the study compares adolescents with adults, not people with OCD. It also says error trials were excluded from the activation analysis, so it does not establish dysfunction of two regions during errors in OCD. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Deficits in selective attention and cognitive flexibility, not just inhibitory functions, have been found in adult patients with OCD. 1,2”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Parietal and cerebellar involvements in OCD,” the paper discusses cognitive deficits in OCD, including executive dysfunction, and refers to abnormal neuropsychological performance. It does not specifically report deficits in selective attention or cognitive flexibility; its proposed link between cerebellar changes and cognitive deficits is described as speculative. (LLM, conf=0.77)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“contrast with findings in adult OCD of deficits during similar and even identical tasks of motor inhibition, interference inhibition and cognitive switching. 1,2”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Parietal and cerebellar involvements in OCD” (page unavailable), the paper discusses abnormal neuropsychological performance and possible executive deficits in OCD. It does not report deficits on motor-inhibition, interference-inhibition, or cognitive-switching tasks, let alone establish that the tasks were similar or identical. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of underactivation in frontostriatal pathways during cognitive challenge in paediatric OCD”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Analysis of variance showed decreased brain activation in the OCD group compared with the control group in the right and left orbitofrontal cortex and in an extensive cluster of right thalamus and the basal ganglia including the head of the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus (Table 3, Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“During the 'stop' task, the boys with OCD showed reduced activation in inferior and orbital frontostriatothalamic brain regions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no increased brain activation in the OCD group compared with the control group in any of the tasks.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of variance showed decreased activation for the OCD group compared with the control group in the mesial frontal gyrus, reaching laterally into left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrally into anterior cingulate gyrus (see Table 3, Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Stop failures were associated with reduced activation in the OCD group in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a trend, however, for participants with OCD to show increased error rates in the switch and motor Stroop tasks (Table 2).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The underactivation in adolescents with OCD in parietal, temporal and cerebellar cortices during the motor Stroop and switch tasks was unexpected”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant between-group difference was observed for any of the main performance variables.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) there is evidence of abnormalities in inhibitory functions such as motor and interference inhibition and task switching, 1,2 as well as in mediating frontostriatothalamic networks. [3][4]4][5]”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Supportedcites [2] source
This citation is attached to the claim about frontostriatothalamic networks, not the preceding list of inhibitory functions. The Results report grey-matter abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex and thalamus, and the discussion section ‘Increased grey matter density in the orbitofrontal cortex’ relates those findings to frontal–subcortical circuitry in OCD. The Methods describe an adult patient group (mean age 27.4 years). (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“To avoid potential state effects of anxiety and depression, additional inclusion criteria were scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire 11 and scores below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS). 12”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The METHOD Subjects section lists exclusions for mental, clinical, or neurological disorders but does not describe screening with either questionnaire. Searches for the Birleson depression questionnaire and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale found no passages giving the claimed score thresholds or rationale. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s discussion of childhood-onset OCD and comorbid anxiety and depression does not describe study inclusion criteria (passage [6]; section and page not identified in our copy). Searches for the Birleson questionnaire, R-CMAS, and the stated score cutoffs found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assessment with this scale was repeated before fMRI scanning and confirmed significant symptomatic improvement (mean 46% for obsessions and 49% for compulsions).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the more cognitive inhibition tasks the OCD group showed reduced activation in inferior frontal (switch task) and temporoparietocerebellar regions (motor Stroop and switch tasks).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some residual symptoms were present in all 10 boys at scanning (mean total CY-BOCS score 11, range 2-21), so all could be characterised as treatment responders.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adolescents with OCD recruited to this study were in partial remission and had relatively few symptoms of the disorder, in contrast to the published adult studies in which patients were fully symptomatic.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, this preliminary fMRI study provides the first evidence that paediatric OCD in remission is characterised by dysfunctions of frontostriatothalamic networks during motor inhibition, and of frontotemporoparietal cortices and cerebellum during the more attentional cognitive inhibition tasks.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although OCD usually begins in childhood, 6”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has been argued that chronic overactivation of frontostriatothalamic pathways that are responsible for obsessive and compulsive symptoms would make the brain regions involved in these pathways less recruitable for cognitive functions, which would explain concurrent underactivation of the symptom-related reduced frontostriatal pathways during cognitive challenge.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The findings are also in line with reported structural and biochemical abnormalities in paediatric OCD in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia and thalamus, 18,19 which have been shown to correlate with severity of OCD symptoms. 20”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were matched for verbal IQ, handedness, age and socio-economic background (see Table 1).”
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In adults, correlations between orbitofrontal dysfunction, structural abnormalities and OCD symptoms have been observed, 21 which, interestingly, were more pronounced in patients with early-onset OCD. 22”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A generic brain activation map was then produced for each experimental condition and hypothesis testing was carried out at the cluster level, shown to give excellent cluster-wise type I error control in structural and fMRI analysis. 16”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exclusion criteria included a history of a general or specific intellectual disability or psychiatric disorders, in particular comorbid tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome), autism-spectrum disorder, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders or other anxiety disorders, assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist 13 and by an experienced psychiatrist (I.H.).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this particular group comparison, fewer than one false-activated cluster was expected at a probability value of P50.05 for voxel and P50.01 for cluster comparisons.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Analysis of variance for between-group differences was conducted using randomisation-based testing for voxel-or cluster-wise differences, as described in detail by Bullmore et al. 16”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus during a colour-word Stroop task. 5”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is in line with a study showing that pharmacological treatment in adult OCD leads to a reduction of previously increased frontostriatal activation with a symptom provocation task, whereas it increased previously reduced frontal activation in a Stroop task. 5”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A modified version of the Meiran switch task was used, 7 requiring cognitive switching between two spatial dimensions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that paediatric OCD is characterised by a dysregulation of frontostriatothalamic brain regions necessary for motor inhibition, and also demonstrate dysfunction of temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive forms of inhibition.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The fMRI adaptation of the 6 min tracking 'stop' task 8,14 measures the ability to suppress an already triggered motor response.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Early-onset OCD has been shown to differ from the late-onset disorder, with the former showing reduced blood flow in the bilateral inferior prefrontal cortex, right thalamus and anterior cingulate gyrus, 22”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 6 min motor Stroop task 7 involves a stimulus-response spatial incompatibility effect, or 'Simon effect' , reflected in a slowed reaction time to incongruent as compared with congruent trials.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Similar to these results are findings of a correlation between abnormal blood flow in left inferior prefrontal cortex and errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task switching task in adult OCD. 23”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stop task failures were associated with underactivation in the OCD group in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, two interrelated brain regions that have been suggested to synergistically mediate performance monitoring and error detection. 24”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomised presentation, mixed trial, rapid event-related fMRI designs were used with jittered inter-trial intervals and random events to optimise statistical efficiency.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during planning, 31”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Probability values were adjusted for multiple testing using the false discovery rate. 15”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Reduced activation in caudate has been observed in adults with OCD during implicit learning, 30”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each task, fewer than one false-positive activated cluster was expected at a probability value of P50.05 at the voxel level and P50.0075 at the cluster level.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mesial frontal cortex, especially anterior cingulate gyrus, has been shown to be biochemically 25 and structurally abnormal in children with OCD, 19”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant difference between the OCD and control groups in measures of IQ, age, handedness, anxiety and depression at the time of scanning (Table 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Time series analysis for each individual was based on a previously published wavelet-based data resampling method for fMRI data. 16”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Using rigid body and affine transformation, the individual maps were registered into Talairach standard space. 17”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implies that medication may have a mitigating effect on brain dysfunction, which might have been more pronounced in medication-naı ¨ve adolescents with OCD.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Brain abnormalities in fully symptomatic patients are likely to be larger or different.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The advantage of scanning patients with low symptom levels is that findings are less likely to be confounded by anxiety and the potential need to inhibit obsessions and compulsions in the scanner.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Little is known about the effects of SSRIs on functional brain activation patterns, although there is some evidence to suggest they may increase specific regional relative metabolic rate, but with different effects depending on duration of administration. 32”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
No functional imaging study has tested frontostriatal dysfunction in paediatric OCD.
“Although OCD usually begins in childhood, 6 there has been no functional imaging study in paediatric OCD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ten adolescent boys with OCD in partial remission are representative of paediatric OCD generally.
“Ten boys aged 12-16 years were recruited to the study from the Maudsley Hospital child and adolescent OCD clinic.”
“The adolescents with OCD recruited to this study were in partial remission and had relatively few symptoms of the disorder, in contrast to the published adult studies in which patients were fully symptomatic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The motor Stroop and switch tasks measure more cognitive forms of inhibition compared with the stop task and have a higher load on selective attention functions.
“The motor Stroop and switch tasks measure more cognitive forms of inhibition compared with the stop task and have a higher load on selective attention functions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Overall, the most consistent finding is decreased activation of the DLPFC, IFG, striatum, and thalamus in OCD patients during inhibition (Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008; Page et al., 2009; Rubia et al., 2010; de Wit et al., 2012).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The N200 is reported to reflect processes underlying response inhibition and conflict monitoring, both of which are known to be dysfunctional in OCD groups (Chamberlain, Blackwell, Fineberg, Robbins, & Sahakian, 2005; Penades et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008).”
From Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with increased engagement of frontal brain regions across multiple event-related potentials (2023) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decreased task-related activation is seen in the CSTC circuits during inhibition in OCD patients (Roth et al., 2007; Woolley et al., 2008; Page et al., 2009; Rubia et al., 2010; de Wit et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2012), although, one study reported increased activation of these regions (Maltby et al., 2005).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The absence of a switch cost in OCD and MDD patients as observed in the present study is also in agreement with several recent task switching studies in adolescents with OCD [46] [47] or MDD [49].”
From Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression is associated with distinct neural correlates (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“during a stop signal task, which measures inhibitory control, adolescents with OCD show decreased metabolic activity in right OFC vs. healthy controls (Woolley et al., 2008)”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Woolley et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Others report elevated FPN-thalamic connectivity(17,77) and thalamic global connectivity in OCD(34).”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“These studies did not assess specific thalamic connections, whereas we showed greater connectivity between the thalamus and SMN using whole-brain network analysis, thereby refining our understanding of thalamic connectivity in OCD.”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, an fMRI study reported less error-related anterior cingulate activation in adolescents with partially remitted OCD relative to healthy comparison subjects (73).”
From Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies (2009) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“The functioning of these circuits has not been investigated longitudinally in patients with OCD, however, and only two fMRI studies to date have assessed the functioning of these circuits in younger patients (73, 74), thereby precluding our understanding of the developmental origins of frontostriatal disturbances in OCD.”
From Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies (2009) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“as well as less caudate and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation in response to successful inhibition during a stop/signal task.18”
From Cognitive inflexibility and frontal–cortical activation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“During successful motor inhibition, healthy comparison subjects activated the right inferior frontal gyrus more than OCD subjects.13,18”
From Cognitive inflexibility and frontal–cortical activation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, this finding converges with previous work showing similar SSRT in children with OCD and matched typically developing peers (Rubia et al., 2010; Wooley et al., 2008).”
From No evidence of differences in cognitive control in children with autism spectrum disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder: An fMRI study (2019) · cites this paper as Wooley et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of cognitive control in children with OCD using stop-signal tasks have reported decreased activation of frontal regions including the orbitofrontal gyrus, mesial/dorsolateral frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, and insula, as well as subcortical regions such as thalamus, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus (Rubia et al., 2010; Wooley et al., 200”
From No evidence of differences in cognitive control in children with autism spectrum disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder: An fMRI study (2019) · cites this paper as Wooley et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“A recent fMRI study of people with OCD found reduced activation in inferior and orbital fronto-striatothalamic brain regions when inhibition was successful and reduced activation in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices when inhibition was unsuccessful. This suggests that response inhibition and performance monitoring are both impaired in OCD [50].”
From Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm (2008) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“During unsuccessful response inhibition OCD was associated with decreased medial PFC activation.”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [161]
In the citing paper
“During successful response inhibition, OCD was associated with decreased activation in the OFC, thalamus, and basal ganglia (caudate head, putamen, globus pallidus).”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [161]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Method Participants
“additional inclusion criteria were scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire 11 and scores below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS).”
§ Word pictures of depression: thoughts of death Sharon McConville
“| Anxiety score (R-CMAS) | 8.6 (6.4) | 0-19 | 5.33 (2.6) | 3-11 | 1.41 | 0.18 | | Depression score (Birleson) | 7.8 (5.1) | 0-15 | 7.22 (3.3) | 2-12 | 0.29 | 0.78 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Method Participants
“Ten boys aged 12-16 years were recruited to the study from the Maudsley Hospital child and adolescent OCD clinic.”
§ Word pictures of depression: thoughts of death Sharon McConville
“| Age, years | 14.3 (1.7) | 12-17 | 14.5 (1.1) | 12-16 | 70.26 | 0.80 |”
Citations
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“, 2007), stop signal (Woolley et al., 2008), numeric conflict (Viard et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Woolley, J., Heyman, I., Brammer, M., Frampton, I., McGuire, P. K., & Rubia, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rubia, Katya
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-31
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2085564649
- Semantic Scholar
- 2114f2748bcc35250ea9752cbb8f92556abfbbec
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, inhibitory control, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, stop-signal task, task switching, interference control, adolescents, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Reaction Time, Thalamus, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-03 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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