Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control

In the paper

“In adult obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) there is evidence of abnormalities in inhibitory functions such as motor and interference inhibition and task switching, 1,2 as well as in mediating frontostriatothalamic networks. [3][4]4][5]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
• Supported

  This citation is attached to the claim about frontostriatothalamic networks, not the preceding list of inhibitory functions. The Results report grey-matter abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex and thalamus, and the discussion section ‘Increased grey matter density in the orbitofrontal cortex’ relates those findings to frontal–subcortical circuitry in OCD. The Methods describe an adult patient group (mean age 27.4 years). (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [2] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [4]
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source

In the paper

“To avoid potential state effects of anxiety and depression, additional inclusion criteria were scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire 11 and scores below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS). 12”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The METHOD Subjects section lists exclusions for mental, clinical, or neurological disorders but does not describe screening with either questionnaire. Searches for the Birleson depression questionnaire and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale found no passages giving the claimed score thresholds or rationale. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The paper’s discussion of childhood-onset OCD and comorbid anxiety and depression does not describe study inclusion criteria (passage [6]; section and page not identified in our copy). Searches for the Birleson questionnaire, R-CMAS, and the stated score cutoffs found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Assessment with this scale was repeated before fMRI scanning and confirmed significant symptomatic improvement (mean 46% for obsessions and 49% for compulsions).”

In the paper

“During the more cognitive inhibition tasks the OCD group showed reduced activation in inferior frontal (switch task) and temporoparietocerebellar regions (motor Stroop and switch tasks).”

In the paper

“Some residual symptoms were present in all 10 boys at scanning (mean total CY-BOCS score 11, range 2-21), so all could be characterised as treatment responders.”

In the paper

“The adolescents with OCD recruited to this study were in partial remission and had relatively few symptoms of the disorder, in contrast to the published adult studies in which patients were fully symptomatic.”

In the paper

“In conclusion, this preliminary fMRI study provides the first evidence that paediatric OCD in remission is characterised by dysfunctions of frontostriatothalamic networks during motor inhibition, and of frontotemporoparietal cortices and cerebellum during the more attentional cognitive inhibition tasks.”

In the paper

“Although OCD usually begins in childhood, 6”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source

In the paper

“It has been argued that chronic overactivation of frontostriatothalamic pathways that are responsible for obsessive and compulsive symptoms would make the brain regions involved in these pathways less recruitable for cognitive functions, which would explain concurrent underactivation of the symptom-related reduced frontostriatal pathways during cognitive challenge.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] source

In the paper

“The findings are also in line with reported structural and biochemical abnormalities in paediatric OCD in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia and thalamus, 18,19 which have been shown to correlate with severity of OCD symptoms. 20”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source

In the paper

“They were matched for verbal IQ, handedness, age and socio-economic background (see Table 1).”

In the paper

“In adults, correlations between orbitofrontal dysfunction, structural abnormalities and OCD symptoms have been observed, 21 which, interestingly, were more pronounced in patients with early-onset OCD. 22”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source

In the paper

“A generic brain activation map was then produced for each experimental condition and hypothesis testing was carried out at the cluster level, shown to give excellent cluster-wise type I error control in structural and fMRI analysis. 16”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source

In the paper

“Exclusion criteria included a history of a general or specific intellectual disability or psychiatric disorders, in particular comorbid tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome), autism-spectrum disorder, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders or other anxiety disorders, assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist 13 and by an experienced psychiatrist (I.H.).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source

In the paper

“For this particular group comparison, fewer than one false-activated cluster was expected at a probability value of P50.05 for voxel and P50.01 for cluster comparisons.”

In the paper

“Analysis of variance for between-group differences was conducted using randomisation-based testing for voxel-or cluster-wise differences, as described in detail by Bullmore et al. 16”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source

In the paper

“and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus during a colour-word Stroop task. 5”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source

In the paper

“This is in line with a study showing that pharmacological treatment in adult OCD leads to a reduction of previously increased frontostriatal activation with a symptom provocation task, whereas it increased previously reduced frontal activation in a Stroop task. 5”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source

In the paper

“A modified version of the Meiran switch task was used, 7 requiring cognitive switching between two spatial dimensions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source

In the paper

“These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that paediatric OCD is characterised by a dysregulation of frontostriatothalamic brain regions necessary for motor inhibition, and also demonstrate dysfunction of temporoparietal and frontocerebellar attention networks during more cognitive forms of inhibition.”

In the paper

“The fMRI adaptation of the 6 min tracking 'stop' task 8,14 measures the ability to suppress an already triggered motor response.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source

In the paper

“Early-onset OCD has been shown to differ from the late-onset disorder, with the former showing reduced blood flow in the bilateral inferior prefrontal cortex, right thalamus and anterior cingulate gyrus, 22”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source

In the paper

“The 6 min motor Stroop task 7 involves a stimulus-response spatial incompatibility effect, or 'Simon effect' , reflected in a slowed reaction time to incongruent as compared with congruent trials.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source

In the paper

“Similar to these results are findings of a correlation between abnormal blood flow in left inferior prefrontal cortex and errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task switching task in adult OCD. 23”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23]

In the paper

“Stop task failures were associated with underactivation in the OCD group in mesial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, two interrelated brain regions that have been suggested to synergistically mediate performance monitoring and error detection. 24”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source

In the paper

“Randomised presentation, mixed trial, rapid event-related fMRI designs were used with jittered inter-trial intervals and random events to optimise statistical efficiency.”

In the paper

“in the caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during planning, 31”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source

In the paper

“Probability values were adjusted for multiple testing using the false discovery rate. 15”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source

In the paper

“Reduced activation in caudate has been observed in adults with OCD during implicit learning, 30”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source

In the paper

“For each task, fewer than one false-positive activated cluster was expected at a probability value of P50.05 at the voxel level and P50.0075 at the cluster level.”

In the paper

“Mesial frontal cortex, especially anterior cingulate gyrus, has been shown to be biochemically 25 and structurally abnormal in children with OCD, 19”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source

In the paper

“There was no significant difference between the OCD and control groups in measures of IQ, age, handedness, anxiety and depression at the time of scanning (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Time series analysis for each individual was based on a previously published wavelet-based data resampling method for fMRI data. 16”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source

In the paper

“Using rigid body and affine transformation, the individual maps were registered into Talairach standard space. 17”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source

In the paper

“This implies that medication may have a mitigating effect on brain dysfunction, which might have been more pronounced in medication-naı ¨ve adolescents with OCD.”

In the paper

“Brain abnormalities in fully symptomatic patients are likely to be larger or different.”

In the paper

“The advantage of scanning patients with low symptom levels is that findings are less likely to be confounded by anxiety and the potential need to inhibit obsessions and compulsions in the scanner.”

In the paper

“Little is known about the effects of SSRIs on functional brain activation patterns, although there is some evidence to suggest they may increase specific regional relative metabolic rate, but with different effects depending on duration of administration. 32”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [32]