Neurobiological Circuits Regulating Attention, Cognitive Control, Motivation, and Emotion: Disruptions in Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders
Abstract
Objective This article aims to review basic and clinical studies outlining the roles of prefrontal cortical (PFC) networks in the behavior and cognitive functions that are compromised in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and how these map into the neuroimaging evidence of circuit abnormalities in these disorders. Method Studies of animals, normally developing children, and patients with neurodevelopmental disorders were reviewed, with focus on neuroimaging studies. Results The PFC provides "top-down" regulation of attention, inhibition/cognitive control, motivation, and emotion through connections with posterior cortical and subcortical structures. Dorsolateral and inferior PFC regulate attention and cognitive/inhibitory control, whereas orbital and ventromedial structures regulate motivation and affect. PFC circuitries are very sensitive to their neurochemical environment, and small changes in the underlying neurotransmitter systems, e.g. by medications, can produce large effects on mediated function. Neuroimaging studies of children with neurodevelopmental disorders show altered brain structure and function in distinctive circuits respecting this organization. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder show prominent abnormalities in the inferior PFC and its connections to striatal, cerebellar, and parietal regions, whereas children with conduct disorder show alterations in the paralimbic system, comprising ventromedial, lateral orbitofrontal, and superior…
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More widespread dysfunctions have been observed in ADHD, involving lateral prefrontal cortex and its connections to basal ganglia, medial frontal, cingulate and orbital frontal regions, and dissociated fronto-parietal, fronto-limbic and fronto-cerebellar networks.
“However, more widespread dysfunctions have been observed in ADHD, involving not only the lateral prefrontal cortex and its connections to the basal ganglia, but also medial frontal, cingulate and orbital frontal regions, and the dissociated fronto-parietal, fronto-limbic and fronto-cerebellar networks they form part of Arnsten and Rubia (2012) and Rubia et al. (2014a).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Arnsten and Rubia, 2012
A fronto-striato-thalamic circuit is involved in the etiology of ADHD, comprising reciprocal connections between the caudate, putamen, thalamus, supplementary motor area, lateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal lobe.
“a fronto-striato-thalamic circuit has been involved in etiology of ADHD, comprising reciprocal connections between the caudate, putamen, thalamus, supplementary motor area, lateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal lobe.”
From Abnormal functional connectivity associated with emotional dysregulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
This fronto-striato-thalamic circuit is critical to executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, known to be impaired in ADHD.
“This circuit is critical to executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, known to be impaired in ADHD (21, 22).”
From Abnormal functional connectivity associated with emotional dysregulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
Stimulants increase underfunctioning frontostriatal mechanisms in ADHD.
“Caudate and putamen are dysfunctional in ADHD, together with prefrontal regions 2, 3, 7, 37, suggesting that stimulants increase underfunctioning frontostriatal mechanisms in ADHD (71).”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Arnsten, A. F. T., & Rubia, K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Arnsten, Amy F.T.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 356-367
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001389318
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (053272/Z/98/Z/JRS/JP/JAT)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RL1AA017536)
- National Center for Research Resources (U54RR024350)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, neurodevelopmental disorders, attention, cognitive control, inhibition, motivation, emotion regulation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, paralimbic system, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, neurotransmitter systems, child psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention, Mental Disorders, Brain, Brain Diseases, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Cognition, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Nerve Net, Neurotransmitter Agents
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