Linear age‐correlated functional development of right inferior fronto‐striato‐cerebellar networks during response inhibition and anterior cingulate during error‐related processes
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Inhibitory and performance‐monitoring functions have been shown to develop throughout adolescence. The developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature on inhibitory control, however, has been relatively inconsistent with respect to functional development of prefrontal cortex in the progression from childhood to adulthood. Age‐related performance differences between adults and children have been shown to be a confound and may explain inconsistencies in findings. The development of error‐related processes has not been studied so far using fMRI. The aim of this study was to investigate the neural substrates of the development of inhibitory control and error‐related functions by use of an individually adjusted task design that forced subjects to fail on 50% of trials, and therefore controlled for differences in task difficulty and performance between different age groups. Event‐related fMRI was used to compare brain activation between 21 adults and 26 children/adolescents during successful motor inhibition and inhibition failure. Adults compared with children/adolescents showed increased brain activation in right inferior prefrontal cortex during successful inhibition and in anterior cingulate during inhibition failure. A whole‐brain age‐regression analysis between 10 and 42 years showed progressive age‐related changes in activation in these two brain regions, with additional changes in thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. Age‐correlated brain regions correlated with each other and with inhibitory performance, suggesting they form developing fronto‐striato‐thalamic and fronto‐cerebellar neural pathways for inhibitory control. This study shows developmental specialization of the integrated function of right inferior prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum for inhibitory control and of anterior cingulate gyrus for error‐related processes. Hum Brain Mapp 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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To avoid state effects of anxiety and depression, the study required scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire and below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale.
“To avoid potential state effects of anxiety and depression, additional inclusion criteria were scores below 15 on the Birleson depression questionnaire 11 and scores below 19 on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS). 12”
From Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control (2008) · cites this paper as [11]
The METHOD Subjects section lists exclusions for mental, clinical, or neurological disorders but does not describe screening with either questionnaire. Searches for the Birleson depression questionnaire and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale found no passages giving the claimed score thresholds or rationale. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe behavioral trend of improving response inhibition generally coincides with linear increases in focal recruitment of lateral prefrontal cortex across development.
“and, though the evidence is a bit mixed, this behavioral trend is generally found to coincide with linear increases in the focal recruitment of the IPFC across this developmental period [73–80, though see also 81–84].”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [81]
Adolescents performing inhibitory control tasks show a distinct neurofunctional profile, likely reflecting ongoing brain immaturity.
“neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that adolescents performing tasks of inhibitory control exhibit a distinct neurofunctional profile, likely reflecting continued brain immaturities”
From Developmental changes in brain function underlying the influence of reward processing on inhibitory control (2011) · cites this paper as Rubia et al., 2007
Event-related fMRI studies found greater activation mainly in parietal and frontal regions when inhibition was unsuccessful.
“Event-related fMRI studies showed that (mainly) parietal and frontal brain regions are more activated when inhibition is unsuccessful [15, 16, 18, 19].”
From Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm (2008) · cites this paper as [19]
Right IFG shows greater activation when stopping succeeds, and its activation magnitude is negatively correlated with SSRT.
“This region shows increased activation when stopping is successful, and the magnitude of the activation correlates negatively with SSRT [14, 17, 19].”
From Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm (2008) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Abbreviations: DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IFC, inferior frontal cortex; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; vMPFC/ACC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex; LM, lateral/medial. activations in ADHD patients relative to their a…”
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- Authors
- Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M.
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-05-30
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1163-1177
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6871440
- OpenAlex
- W2022470203
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 12.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (053272/Z/98/Z/JRS/JP, 053272)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- inhibitory control, response inhibition, performance monitoring, adolescent brain development, anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Child, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Judgment, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Inhibition, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Thalamus, Volition, Prefrontal Cortex
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