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Interventions for people bereaved through suicide: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Promoting the mental health of people bereaved through suicide is a key aim of the National Suicide Prevention Strategy. AIMS: To evaluate the effects of interventions to support people bereaved through suicide. METHOD: We conducted a systematic review of data from controlled studies of interventions for people bereaved through suicide. Studies were identified using systematic searches, the methodological quality of included studies was assessed and narrative synthesis conducted. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified. None was UK-based and all but one study had substantial methodological limitations. When compared with no intervention, there was evidence of some benefit from single studies of a cognitive-behavioural family intervention of four sessions with a psychiatric nurse; a psychologist-led 10-week bereavement group intervention for children; and 8-week group therapy for adults delivered by a mental health professional and volunteer. The findings from studies comparing two or more active interventions were more equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is evidence of some benefit from interventions for people bereaved by suicide, this is not robust. Further methodologically sound evidence is required to confirm whether interventions are helpful and, if so, for whom.
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“Suicide prevention strategies in many high-income countries recommend providision of support for people bereaved by suicide, in view of their suicide risk (Pitman et al., 2014), but lack an evidence base for intervening (McDaid et al., 2008).”
From The stigma associated with bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A qualitative interview study (2018) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
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“This dovetails with intervention evidence suggesting potential benefits of group-based and psychosocial approaches for some suicide-bereaved individuals, while also highlighting that the overall evidence base remains heterogeneous and methodologically uneven (Linde et al., 2017;McDaid et al., 2008).”
From Relational and Institutional Disenfranchisement in Suicide Bereavement: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Family Members' Experiences (2026) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
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“While little is known of the effectiveness of postvention, this review aimed to investigate what is known of the effects of postvention service delivery models and the components that may contribute to the effectiveness.”
From Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
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“Overall, there is a tension between the need for psychosocial services for people bereaved by suicide (Sanford et al., 2016; Pitman et al., 2018) and what is known about their effectiveness (McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas and Kutcher, 2011; Linde et al., 2017).”
From Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
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“However, little is known about its effectiveness.”
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“The three systematic reviews conducted to-date found some evidence of effectiveness of postvention interventions [24–26].”
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“They also pointed out the limitations of the field, namely the paucity of intervention research in postvention, the diversity of methodologies used, and the general poor quality of the relevant studies.”
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“The next challenges are the paucity of trial evidence for effective interventions7 and the tendency of people bereaved by suicide to avoid seeking help8 9 despite expressing clear unmet needs.10”
From Support received after bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A cross-sectional UK study of 3432 young bereaved adults (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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Cited by
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“Non-white 228 (10) 65 (9) 52 (9) 345 (10)”
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Bereavement after the suicide of a significant other
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“[55,56] The eight studies identified included one controlled study, four randomized controlled clinical trials, and three observational studies with a control or comparison group; one of which was retrospective in nature.”
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Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Kõlves, K., & Reavley, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02677 · Cited by 129
“While “open” groups are ongoing and accept new members, “closed” groups meet for a predetermined number of times with the same participants (Farberow, 2001; McIntosh, 2017).”
BackgroundGrief interventions for people bereaved by suicide: a systematic review
Linde, K., Treml, J., Steinig, J., Nagl, M., & Kersting, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179496 · Cited by 107
Suicide Prevention: State of the Art Review
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“Among those bereaved by suicide, recommendations include the need for larger and better-controlled studies along with the need to assess bereavement groups for suicide survivors versus other groups.(169)”
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“001 Within a week 290 (14) 72 (10) 69 (11) 431 (13) Within a month 154 (7) 50 (7) 44 (7) 248 (7) Within 6 months 117 (6) 35 (5) 46 (8) 198 (6) Within a year 58 (3) 31 (4) 15 (2) 104 (3) Table 1 Continued”
Influentialde Groot, M., & Kollen, B. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f5519 · Cited by 83
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“Systematic reviews of the literature have found modest, yet positive evidence of effectiveness of group and family interventions regarding dealing with grief, depression and other mental distress (McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas and Kutcher, 2011).”
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Andriessen, K., Draper, B., Dudley, M., & Mitchell, P. B. (2016) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2015.1128497 · Cited by 67
Lessons Learned: Forty Years of Clinical Work With Suicide Loss Survivors
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“Experiences with these types of support could be a popular topic in online forums, as specifi c services for the bereaved by suicide are often hard to fi nd (McDaid et al., 2008).”
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“Previous work has recommended that those bereaved by suicide need the help and support of their general practice, 9,33,34 and parents in this study also emphasised this; however, the parents in this study did perceive some barriers to accessing this support.”
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When a Soldier Commits Suicide in Iraq: Impact on Unit and Caregivers
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“McDaid et al. (2008) conducted a systematic review into the interventions for adults and children bereaved by suicide.”
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“However, such mechanisms are under-investigated, perhaps explaining why existing postvention interventions lack evidence for reducing suicidality even while they are effective at reducing depression and anxiety (Andriessen et al., 2019; Linde et al., 2017; McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas et al., 2011).”
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“The first (McDaid et al., 2008) reviewed eight empirical studies of interventions for people bereaved by suicide.”
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Allie, S.-L. N., Bantjes, J. R., & Andriessen, K. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068730 · Cited by 14
Peer-support groups for suicide loss survivors: a systematic review
Inostroza, C., Rubio-Ramírez, F., Bustos, C., Quijada, Y., Fernández, D., Vasily Buhring, S., Vargas, B., Riquelme-Bórquez, A., & Araya, M. P. (2023) · Social Work With Groups · doi:10.1080/01609513.2023.2249053 · Cited by 15
“…postvention, within which peer-support groups for suicide loss survivors are identified as one more strategy, thereby limiting their analysis (Andriessen et al., 2019; Finlayson-Short et al., 2019; Journot-Reverbel et al., 2017; Linde et al., 2017; McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas & Kutcher, 2011).”
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The Lifekeeper Memory Quilt: Evaluation of a Suicide Postvention Program
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“McDaid et al. (2008) suggest that within the UK, CONTACT Ramandeep Kaur ramandeep_kaur@live.co.uk © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group at least 35,000 people annually experience intense grief.”
BackgroundSuicide Postvention in Schools: What Evidence Supports Our Current National Recommendations?
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Perceived Effectiveness of Components of Interventions to Support People Bereaved By Suicide
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Exploring the Complexities of Suicide Bereavement Research
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Parental Grief After Offspring Suicide and Adaptation to the Loss in Japan
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Pitman, A., McDonald, K. C., Logeswaran, Y., Lewis, G., Cerel, J., Lewis, G., & Erlangsen, A. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000448 · Cited by 11
“Suicide risk mitigation might be achieved through appropriate bereavement support (Andriessen et al., 2019; Linde et al., 2017; McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas & Kutcher, 2011), improving uptake through collaboration between bereavement services and primary care.”
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The Efficacy of Bereavement Interventions: A Systematic Umbrella Review
Avis, K. A., Missler, M. A., van Deursen, D. S., Lenferink, L. I. M., Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. A. W. (2025) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000426 · Cited by 6
Hofmann, L., & Wagner, B. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2369858 · Cited by 8
“…is a lack of psychological interventions for this specific bereavement group, and that little empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of these interventions exists (Andriessen, Krysinska, Hills, et al., 2019; Andriessen, Krysinska, Kõlves, et al., 2019; Linde et al., 2017; McDaid et al., 2008).”
Grief Reactions in the Suicide Bereaved
Iglewicz, A., Tal, I., & Zisook, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65241-2_7 · Cited by 6
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy-Based Interventions for Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review
Enez, Ö. (2017) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.295017 · Cited by 8
“Another confusing term in the grief literature is mourning which refers to the process which occurs after a loss of an emotionally significant person and the acts that express painful emotions which are shaped by the practices of a society and cultural group (McDaid et al. 2008).”
BackgroundGrief after Suicide: The Evolution of Suicide Postvention
Jordan, J. R. (2014) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826171429.0025 · Cited by 6
Wirksamkeit von Interventionen für Hinterbliebene nach einem Suizid: ein Systematischer Review
Wagner, B., Hofmann, L., & Grafiadeli, R. (2020) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-1182-2821 · Cited by 6
“[21] McDaid C, Trowman R, Golder S et al.”
BackgroundImplementation of suicide bereavement support: a scoping review
Nicholls, T., Krysinska, K. E., Reifels, L., Kartal, D., & Andriessen, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1474641 · Cited by 4
Psychological therapies for major depressive disorder and prolonged grief in bereaved adults
Roulston, A., Clarke, M. J., Donnelly, M., Candy, B., McGaughey, J., Keegan, O., & Duffy, M. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013237 · Cited by 4
“One assessed interventions linked to bereavement following suicide (McDaid 2008), but the included studies varied in the type of intervention, participants, and how the intervention was delivered, with the authors concluding that evidence for interventions was not robust.”
Eastman, P., & Le, B. H. C. (2012) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.01.008 · Cited by 4
“Given the increased risk of poor outcomes for suicide survivors, the targeting of appropriate interventions to this group is important.(8,9) Palliative care services, with their skills in emotional support and grief assessment/management, are well positioned to assist these individuals at high risk of complicated bere…”
BackgroundMissed Opportunities for Military Suicide Prevention: Perspectives of Suicide Loss Survivors
LaCroix, J. M., Baer, M. M., Harrington‐LaMorie, J., & Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M. (2018) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2017.1419893 · Cited by 4
Los procesos de duelo en atención primaria de salud: Una actualización
Tizón, J. L. (2017) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.fmc.2016.02.011 · Cited by 3
Un nouvel enjeu de santé publique au Canada
Spiwak, R. P., Elias, B., Sareen, J., Chartier, M., Bolton, J. M., & Dubois, F. (2018) · Criminologie · doi:10.7202/1054238ar · Cited by 3
“…une certaine pertinence des interventions touchant le deuil à la suite d’un suicide, mais les recherches sur la question tendent à être de qualité moindre ; elles sont très descriptives et donc sans réelle dimension analytique (Jordan, 2015 ; McDaid et al., 2008 ; Szumilas et Kutcher, 2011).”
BackgroundLigier, F., Kurzenne, M., Kabuth, B., & Guillemin, F. (2020) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2020.09.005 · Cited by 3
Suicide Bereavement and Postvention: What Do We Know and What Should We Know?
Jiménez-Molina, Á., Güemes, F. O., Miranda, T. B., Venegas, J. P. P., & Morgiève, M. (2025) · Depression and personality · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96037-6_10 · Cited by 2
Prévention des conduites suicidaires de l’enfant de moins de 13 ans : une revue de la littérature
Cazal, L. B., Gokalsing, E., Amadéo, S., & Messiah, A. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.05.009 · Cited by 4
Álvarez, M., Atienza, G., Ávila, M. J., Canedo, C., de Castro, M. M. G., & Combarro, J. (2012) · GuíaSalud eBooks · doi:10.46995/gpc_481 · Cited by 2
Chen, Y., Gunnell, D., Wu, C., Hu, Y., & Lee, P. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001182 · Cited by 2
“Although there are a plethora of intervention options, several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses tend to indicate that the benefits of these interventions are unclear (47,48,51).”
BackgroundCazal, L. B. (2015) · Cited by 1
Andriessen, K., & Krysinska, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0064 · Cited by 1
川島, 大., Kawamoto, S., Shiraga, K., Kheibari, A., Cerel, J., & Kawano, K. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211051512 · Cited by 1
“Studies have also shown that interventions such as family-based cognitive behavioral therapy and group counseling against mental health deteriorations (Andriessen, Krysinska, Hill, et al., 2019; McDaid et al., 2008) are effective practices in providing support for suicide loss survivors.”
BackgroundSpezifische Todesumstände und Trauergruppen
Wagner, B. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37359-6_3 · Cited by 1
Suicide Postvention in the Department of Defense
Ramchand, R., Ayer, L. A., Fisher, G., Osilla, K. C., Barnes‐Proby, D., & Wertheimer, S. R. (2015) · Cited by 1
Gilmore, H. R. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
Romão, M. E., Gündoğan, S., Baptista, M. N., & Barello, S. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2690232
Active engagement for people bereaved by suicide
Wong, P. W. C. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70252-4
Suicide bereavement : support, responses, and individual experiences
Newton, R. (2014) · Bangor University Research Portal (Bangor University)
Oulanova, O. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Survivor of Suicide Support Group Facilitator Scale
Sanford, R. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.335
“Randomized controlled trials, considered the gold standard of research, are rare in suicide bereavement intervention research (McDaid et al., 2008).”
InfluentialSurvivors Of Suicide: What Are Their Struggles And How Do They Heal?
Crow, A. (2013) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Imagined Intergroup Contact Reduces Prejudice Against Suicide Loss Survivors;
Yamanaka, A., & Tagami, K. (2021) · Asian Journal of Human Services · doi:10.14391/ajhs.21.18
Newman, M. (2009) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682620902993241
Gold star motherhood: spectacle, emotion, and identity construction
Presson, B. (2022) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/91615
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K. E., Kõlves, K., & Reavley, N. J. (2019) · doi:10.57022/txtp7812
Metadata
- Authors
- McDaid, C., Trowman, R., Golder, S., Hawton, K., & Sowden, A.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McDaid, Catriona
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 438-443
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1966368779
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- suicide bereavement, bereavement interventions, grief after suicide, family intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, mental health support
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bereavement, Child, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Suicide, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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