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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation
Abstract
Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.
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“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
From Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in people with established psychotic illnesses: baseline data from the IMPaCT randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al. 1989
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Shorter interpuff interval is associated with higher nicotine intake in smokers with schizophrenia
Williams, J. M., Gandhi, K. K., Lu, S., Kumar, S., Steinberg, M. L., Cottler, B., & Benowitz, N. L. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.009 · Cited by 51
“Psychological symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989), and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery et al., 1985) in schizophrenia subjects only.”
MethodEffects of online intervention for depression on mood and positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Schröder, J., Klein, J. P., Lincoln, T. M., Andreou, C., Fischer, A., & Arlt, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.033 · Cited by 53
“Symptomseverity was measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989), which is considered the gold standard for the psychometric assessment of schizophrenia (Suzuki, 2011).”
Sirota, P., Meiman, M. E., Hershko, R., & Bessler, H. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.04.012 · Cited by 51
Yoshihara, Y., Sugihara, G., Matsumoto, H., John Suckling, A., Nishimura, K., Toyoda, T., Isoda, H., Tsuchiya, K. J., Takebayashi, K., Suzuki, K., et al. (2008) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-7-25 · Cited by 51
“Page 3 of 11 (page number not for citation purposes) Association between symptoms and volumetric measures (GM and WM) in EOS patients The positive symptom score of PANSS (with higher values in the PANSS corresponding to more severe symptoms) was negatively related to GM volume in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyru…”
InfluentialChouinard, S., Stip, É., Poulin, J., Melun, J.-P., Godbout, R., Guillem, F., & Cohen, H. (2007) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079906x167372 · Cited by 51
Memory and intellectual deficits do not decline with age in schizophrenia
Mockler, D., Riordan, J. P., & Sharma, T. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00031-5 · Cited by 51
“Psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989) as well as the Schedule for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) sections of the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH; Andreasen, 1987) for p…”
MethodFisher, D. J., Rudolph, E. D., Ells, E. M. L., Knott, V., Labelle, A., & Tibbo, P. G. (2019) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.010 · Cited by 50
Luo, C., Pi, X., Hu, N., Wang, X., Xiao, Y., Li, S., Sweeney, J. A., Bishop, J. R., Gong, Q., Xie, D., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01308-6 · Cited by 52
“Clinical and neuroanatomical features of subtypes Methl-P1 patients with more DMP alterations had significantly higher PANSS total and positive symptom scores, and lower BACS composite scores reflecting impaired cognition, when compared to the Methl-P2 (Table 1).”
MethodBak, M., Campforts, B. C. M., Domen, P. A. E., van Amelsvoort, T., & Drukker, M. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13734 · Cited by 56
“The severity of psychopathology was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; 18-item version), 42 the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) 43,44 or the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S).”
Comorbid Personality Disorders and Violent Behavior in Psychotic Patients
Volavka, J. (2013) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-013-9273-3 · Cited by 50
“The mean hostility (component of the BPRS) and psychopathy scores were significantly higher for the violent group.”
MethodInfluentialDickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Boronow, J. J., Sullens, A., & Yolken, R. H. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.030 · Cited by 50
Reasoning in psychosis: risky but not necessarily hasty
Moritz, S., Scheu, F., Andreou, C., Pfueller, U., Weisbrod, M., & Roesch-Ely, D. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1136611 · Cited by 46
Rizos, E., Michalopoulou, P., Siafakas, N., Stefanis, N., Douzenis, A., Rontos, I., Laskos, E., Kastania, A., Zoumpourlis, V. C., & Lykouras, L. (2010) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000315438 · Cited by 54
Dolžan, V., Plesničar, B. K., Serretti, A., Mandelli, L., Zalar, B., Koprivšek, J., & Breskvar, K. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30544 · Cited by 50
“…symptoms, their stability, and severity were assessed with the use of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia (PANSS) [Kay et al., 1987, 1989]: in the last 2months no single itemwas supposed to increase bymore than one in any of the consecutive ratings; in the same…”
MethodNeuropsychological profile in adult schizophrenia measured with the CMINDS
van Erp, T. G. M., Preda, A., Turner, J. A., Callahan, S., Calhoun, V. D., Bustillo, J., Lim, K. O., Mueller, B. A., Brown, G. G., Vaidya, J. G., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.028 · Cited by 53
“…Exact Test a based on Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971) b based on the Hollingstead Socioeconomic Status Scale (Hollingstead, 1975) NAART = North American Adult Reading Test (Uttl, 2002) PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989) Psychiatry Res.”
MethodInfluentialLevine, S. Z., Rabinowitz, J., Faries, D. E., Lawson, A. H., & Ascher‐Svanum, H. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.014 · Cited by 49
“To assess efficacy the PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) was used as the primary measure of symptom severity (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodSuperior mentalizing abilities of female patients with schizophrenia
Abu-Akel, A. M., & Bo, S. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.013 · Cited by 49
“using translated and validated Danish measures and included a demographics questionnaire, the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition (WAIS-III) (Wechsler, 1997), the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), as well as the abbreviated version of the Positive and Negative Sympto…”
MethodBrüne, M., Abdel-Hamid, M., Sonntag, C., Lehmkämper, C., & Langdon, R. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-6 · Cited by 72
“Psychopathology was rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [30].”
Fisher, D. J., Labelle, A., & Knott, V. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.04.001 · Cited by 48
Nieuwenhuis, M., Schnack, H. G., van Haren, N. E. M., Lappin, J., Morgan, C., Reinders, A. A. T. S., Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez, D., Roiz‐Santiáñez, R., Schaufelberger, M. S., Rosa, P. G. P., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.027 · Cited by 51
“…organization, 1992), Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN (Wing et al., 1990)), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, (PANNS (Kay et al., 1989)), Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History, (CASH (Andreasen et al., 1992)) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative…”
MethodCitrome, L., Shope, C. B., Nolan, K. A., Czobor, P., & Volavka, J. (2007) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e3281c61baf · Cited by 49
“…receiving adjunctive valproate had greater reductions in hostility as measured by the hostility item in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989) and that this effect was independent of the effect on positive symptoms of schizophrenia or sedation (Citrome et al., 2004b).”
MethodInfluentialBest Clinical Practice with Ziprasidone: Update After One Year of Experience
Weiden, P. J., Iqbal, N., Mendelowitz, A. J., Tandon, R., ZIMBROFF, D. L., & ROSS, R. W. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200203000-00004 · Cited by 49
Quidé, Y., Bortolasci, C. C., Spolding, B., Kidnapillai, S., Watkeys, O. J., Cohen-Woods, S., Carr, V. J., Berk, M., Walder, K., & Green, M. J. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110013 · Cited by 44
Gu, W., Zhao, Q., Yuan, C., Yi, Z., Zhao, M., & Wang, Z. (2022) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2021-100741 · Cited by 65
“(b) The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 44 is a medical scale used to measure the severity of symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.”
BackgroundBales, A., Peterson, M. J., Ojha, S. P., Upadhaya, K., Adhikari, B., & Barrett, B. P. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.006 · Cited by 47
“The SCI-PANSS was utilized as a general format for the PANSS interview; however, the interviewers used flexibility in the style and exact wording of the questions.”
InfluentialEffects of antipsychotics on the serum BDNF levels in schizophrenia
Chen, C.-C., & Huang, T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.011 · Cited by 47
“Furthermore, this study also tried to identify correlations between changes in serum BDNF levels and improvement of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodCan We Trust the Internet to Measure Psychotic Symptoms?
Moritz, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., Lincoln, T. M., Köther, U., & Andreou, C. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/457010 · Cited by 48
“All of these participants were interviewed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [22] and asked to complete the CAPE (see below) at baseline, that is, before the experimental phase began.”
MethodGawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., Krężołek, M., Kłosowska, J., Staszkiewicz, M., & Moritz, S. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.042 · Cited by 48
Opgen‐Rhein, C., Neuhaus, A. H., Urbanek, C., Hahn, E. W., Sander, T., & Dettling, M. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm155 · Cited by 47
Global and Temporal Cortical Folding in Patients With Early-Onset Schizophrenia
Penttilä, J., Martinot, M. P., Martinot, J., Mangin, J., Burke, L., Corrigall, R. J., Frangou, S., & Cachia, A. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181825aa7 · Cited by 51
Quidé, Y., Bortolasci, C. C., Spolding, B., Kidnapillai, S., Watkeys, O. J., Cohen‐Woods, S., Berk, M., Carr, V. J., Walder, K. R., & Green, M. J. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003690 · Cited by 46
“Current symptom severity was determined using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery and Asberg, 1979), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS; Youn…”
MethodFisher, D. J., Smith, D., Labelle, A., & Knott, V. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.05.005 · Cited by 44
Reichenberg, A., Rieckmann, N., & Harvey, P. D. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.363 · Cited by 46
The COMT Met158 allele and violence in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Bhakta, S. G., Zhang, J., & Malhotra, A. K. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.026 · Cited by 46
“(2004) used the Corrigan agitated behavior scale and the PANSS (Kay et al., 1989) excited factor.”
MethodGirard, C., & Simard, M. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31816c7b3c · Cited by 46
Gao, B., Wang, Y., Liu, W., Chen, Z., Zhou, H., Yang, J., Cohen, Z. L., Zhu, Y., & Zang, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133766 · Cited by 46
“However, the delusion subscale in PANSS only contains one item [37, 53].”
BackgroundRanganathan, M., DeMartinis, N. A., Huguenel, B. M., Gaudreault, F., Bednar, M. M., Shaffer, C. L., Gupta, S., Cahill, J. D., Sherif, M. A., Mancuso, J. Y., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.6 · Cited by 46
Deficits in context-dependent adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia
Kirschner, M., Hager, O. M., Bischof, M., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Kluge, A., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2016) · npj Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/npjschz.2016.20 · Cited by 43
A multi-scanner study of subcortical brain volume abnormalities in schizophrenia
van Erp, T. G. M., Greve, D. N., Rasmussen, J. M., Turner, J. A., Calhoun, V. D., Young, S., Mueller, B. A., Brown, G. G., McCarthy, G., Glover, G. H., et al. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.011 · Cited by 45
“Patient’s clinical assessments included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluentialDiminished auditory sensory gating during active auditory verbal hallucinations
Thoma, R. J., Meier, A. M., Houck, J. M., Clark, V. P., Lewine, J. D., Turner, J. A., Calhoun, V. D., & Stephen, J. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.023 · Cited by 45
“Of those, ten participantswere administered the Positive and Negative Schizophrenia Syndromes Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989) and the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scales (PSYRATS; Haddock et al.”
MethodGómez‐Pilar, J., Poza, J., Bachiller, A., Gómez, C., Nùñez, P., Lubeiro, A., Molina, V., & Hornero, R. (2017) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065717500320 · Cited by 46
Assessing Positive and Negative Symptoms in Outpatients with Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders
Purnine, D. M., Carey, K. B., Maisto, S. A., & Carey, M. P. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200010000-00003 · Cited by 45
Goetz, R. R., Corcoran, C. M., Yale, S. A., Stanford, A. D., Kimhy, D., AMADOR, X. F., & Malaspina, D. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.018 · Cited by 45
“We use the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS, Kay et al., 1989; White et al., 1997) to assess patient symptoms, and these same symptom items are embodied in the PANSS.”
Lindenmayer, J., Grochowski, S., & Kay, S. R. (1991) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(91)90032-8 · Cited by 45
Rudolph, E. D., Ells, E. M. L., Campbell, D. J., Abriel, S. C., Tibbo, P. G., Salisbury, D. F., & Fisher, D. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.028 · Cited by 44
“Prior to the day of the study, EPs were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia (Kay et al., 1989) by a trained clinician at theNSEPP.”
MethodReine, G., Siméoni, M.-C., Auquier, P., Loundou, A., Aghababian, V., & Lançon, C. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.05.009 · Cited by 44
Stress is a bad advisor. Stress primes poor decision making in deluded psychotic patients
Moritz, S., Köther, U., Hartmann, M. M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0585-1 · Cited by 44
“nia (PANSS) [23]: The PANSS contains 30 items covering psychotic and other psychiatric symptoms which are rated using a seven-point scale on the basis of a semi-structured interview (i.”
MethodLater paternal age and sex differences in schizophrenia symptoms
Rosenfield, P., Kleinhaus, K., Opler, M. G., Perrin, M. C., Learned, N., Goetz, R. R., Stanford, A. D., Walsh‐Messinger, J., Harkavy‐Friedman, J., & Malaspina, D. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.020 · Cited by 44
“Symptoms were assessed with the 30-item Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989) using both conventional and pentagonal models.”
MethodResponse confidence for emotion perception in schizophrenia using a Continuous Facial Sequence Task
Moritz, S., Woznica, A., Andreou, C., & Köther, U. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.007 · Cited by 44
“According to the authors, patients with schizophrenia have a more ‘pointy’ or dichotomous awareness threshold in recognizing a change from positive to negative emotion expressions compared to healthy Note: MWT-B¼Multiple Choice Vocabulary Test; PANSS¼Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. controls.”
Cerebellar Contributions to Persistent Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Patients with Schizophrenia
Cierpka, M., Wolf, N. D., Kubera, K. M., Schmitgen, M. M., Vasić, N., Frasch, K., & Wolf, R. C. (2017) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-017-0874-5 · Cited by 44
Nicotine and the hallucinating brain: Effects on mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia
Fisher, D. J., Grant, B., Smith, D., Borracci, G., Labelle, A., & Knott, V. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.026 · Cited by 43
“…an initial clinical interview (with the primary care physician) in which volunteers were assessed with respect to inclusion and exclusion criteria, both clinical history and ratings on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989) for schizophrenia were used for recruitment.”
Treatment Response Trajectories and Their Antecedents in Recent-Onset Psychosis
Levine, S. Z., Rabinowitz, J., Case, M. G., & Ascher‐Svanum, H. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181e68e80 · Cited by 43
Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Citrome, L., & Dorn, R. A. V. (2013) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852913000849 · Cited by 43
Impact of emotionality on memory and meta-memory in schizophrenia using video sequences
Peters, M. J. V., Hauschildt, M., Moritz, S., & Jelinek, L. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.003 · Cited by 43
Kishi, T., Oya, K., & Iwata, N. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.053 · Cited by 43
Prevalence of treatment resistance and clozapine use in early intervention services
Stokes, I., Griffiths, S. L., Jones, R., Everard, L., Jones, P. B., Fowler, D. G., Hodgekins, J., Amos, T., Freemantle, N., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.89 · Cited by 43
Abnormal response to negative feedback in depression
Shah, P., O'Carroll, R. E., Rogers, A., Moffoot, A., & Ebmeier, K. P. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007880 · Cited by 51
“The mean positive and negative symptom scores, characterized using the PANSS (Kay et al. 1989), were 19±5 (.”
MethodThoma, P., & Daum, I. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02156.x · Cited by 42
Violence and duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode patients
Látalová, K. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12327 · Cited by 42
Morrison, P. D., & Stone, J. M. (2011) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.1166 · Cited by 42
“This is in contrast to the positive dimension, where PANSS and CAPE scores following THC are strongly correlated (Morrison et al., 2009).”
MethodInfluentialKirschner, M., Hager, O. M., Muff, L., Bischof, M., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Kluge, A., Habermeyer, B., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw142 · Cited by 46
Schizotypal personality traits and social cognition are associated with childhood trauma exposure
Quidé, Y., Cohen‐Woods, S., O’Reilly, N., Carr, V. J., Elzinga, B. M., & Green, M. J. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12187 · Cited by 43
Kishi, T., Mukai, T., Matsuda, Y., & Iwata, N. (2013) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-013-8251-0 · Cited by 41
“Two recent randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) (Akhondzadeh et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2006) reported that ondansetron was superior to placebo in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1989) total score and negative subscale scores.”
Steinberg, M. L., Williams, J. M., Stahl, N. F., Budsock, P. D., & Cooperman, N. A. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv043 · Cited by 41
Effects of childhood trauma on working memory in affective and non-affective psychotic disorders
Quidé, Y., O’Reilly, N., Rowland, J. E., Carr, V. J., Elzinga, B. M., & Green, M. J. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9548-z · Cited by 41
“Within the clinical sample, independent-samples ttests were used to compare exposed and non-exposed cases on clinical features (PANSS, MADRS, BDRS, YMRS) and medication levels (IMI and CPZ equivalent levels).”
MethodInfluentialSpeaking behavior and voice sound characteristics associated with negative schizophrenia
Stassen, H. H., Albers, M., Püschel, J., Scharfetter, C., Tewesmeier, M., & Woggon, B. (1995) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(95)00004-o · Cited by 41
Proverb comprehension impairments in schizophrenia are related to executive dysfunction
Thoma, P., Hennecke, M., Mandok, T., Wähner, A., Brüne, M., Juckel, G., & Daum, I. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.026 · Cited by 40
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS: Kay et al., 1989) is a semistructured interview designed to assess the presence and severity of positive (7 items, e.g. hallucinations), negative (7 items, e.g. anhedonia) and general (16 items, e.g. anxiety) psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenia patients.”
InfluentialAuditory hallucinations and the P3a: Attention-switching to speech in schizophrenia
Fisher, D. J., Labelle, A., & Knott, V. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.003 · Cited by 40
Moritz, S., Voigt, M., Köther, U., Leighton, L., Kjahili, B., Babur, Z., Jungclaussen, D., Veckenstedt, R., & Grzella, K. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.005 · Cited by 42
Psychometric evaluation of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales
Kronmüller, K., von Bock, A., Grupe, S., Büche, L., Gentner, N. C., Rückl, S., Marx, J., Joest, K., Kaiser, S., Vedder, H., et al. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.014 · Cited by 43
“For the validation of the AHS, concurrent validity with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [14,15,19] and the Krawiecka Scales [20] could be shown.”
MethodPolygenic Risk Score associated with specific symptom dimensions in first-episode psychosis
Sengupta, S. M., MacDonald, K., Fathalli, F., Yim, A., Lepage, M., Iyer, S. N., MALLA, A. K., & Joober, R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.039 · Cited by 40
“2.2 Instruments and assessment Symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1988; Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluentialVery long-term outcome of schizophrenia
Volavka, J., & Vevera, J. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13094 · Cited by 40
Emotions and persecutory ideation in daily life: On the trail of the “chicken and egg” problem.
Krkovic, K., Clamor, A., Schlier, B., & Lincoln, T. M. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000495 · Cited by 40
Potential action of betel alkaloids on positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A review
Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2011) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2011.605172 · Cited by 40
Pisa Syndrome Due to a Cholinesterase Inhibitor (Donepezil)
Miyaoka, T., Seno, H., Yamamori, C., Inagaki, T., Itoga, M., Tsubouchi, K., & Horiguchi, J. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n07d13 · Cited by 40
So, S. H., Chan, A. P., Chong, C. S. Y., Wong, M. H.-M., Lo, W. T.-L., Chung, D. W.-S., & Chan, S. S. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00730 · Cited by 39
“Good psychometric properties for the PANSS have been reported (Kay et al., 1987, 1989; Kay, 1990).”
MethodGómez‐Pilar, J., Poza, J., Bachiller, A., Gómez, C., Molina, V., & Hornero, R. (2015) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e17085241 · Cited by 39
“The clinical status of the patients was scored using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [33].”
MethodNeurocognitive performance in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients
PERSIST Study Group, Moritz, S., Andresen, B., Perro, C., Schickel, M., Krausz, M. R., & Naber, D. (2002) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s004060200006 · Cited by 40
Chenery, H. J., Copland, D. A., McGrath, J. J., & Savage, G. R. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.011 · Cited by 39
Siegrist, K., Millier, A., Amri, I., Aballéa, S., & Toumi, M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.039 · Cited by 41
“mean of items N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6 and N7) (Kay et al., 1989).”
“Theory of Mind” and Executive Functioning in Forensic Patients with Schizophrenia
Majorek, K., Wolfkühler, W., Küper, C., Saimeh, N., Juckel, G., & Brüne, M. (2009) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00966.x · Cited by 39
Frascarelli, M., Tognin, S., Mirigliani, A., Parente, F., Buzzanca, A., Torti, M. C., Tinelli, E., Caramia, F., Fabio, F. D., Biondi, M., et al. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.017 · Cited by 39
“Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluentialAttention and psychomotor functioning in bipolar depression
Burdick, K. E., Gunawardane, N., Goldberg, J. F., Halperin, J. M., Garno, J. L., & Malhotra, A. K. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.006 · Cited by 40
“Both the YMRS and the PANSS were used to screen out the presence of current psychosis and current mania.”
Measuring Movement Disorders in Antipsychotic Drug Trials
LOONEN, A. J. M., & van Praag, H. M. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31814f1105 · Cited by 39
Liu, X., Lin, H., Jiang, H., Li, R., Zhong, N., Su, H., Li, Y., & Zhao, M. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100222 · Cited by 38
Dalal, T. C., Liang, L., Silva, A. M., Mackinley, M., Voppel, A., & Palaniyappan, L. K. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13685 · Cited by 38
D’Souza, D. C., Ahn, K.-H., Bhakta, S. G., Elander, J., Singh, N. M., Nadim, H., Jatlow, P. I., Suckow, R. F., Pittman, B. P., & Ranganathan, M. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.009 · Cited by 38
Hyperprolactinaemia in first episode psychosis - A longitudinal assessment
Lally, J., Ajnakina, O., Stubbs, B., Williams, H. R., Colizzi, M., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Gardner-Sood, P., Greenwood, K., Atakan, Z., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.037 · Cited by 38
Subtle white matter alterations in schizophrenia identified with a new measure of fiber density
Stämpfli, P., Sommer, S., Manoliu, A., Burrer, A., Schmidt, A., Herdener, M., Seifritz, E., Kaiser, S., & Kirschner, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40070-2 · Cited by 40
Kirschner, M., Cathomas, F., Manoliu, A., Habermeyer, B., Simon, J. J., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000801 · Cited by 38
“BNSS Apathy was defined based on the BNSS subscales anhedonia (items 1-3), asociality (items 5,6) and avolition (items 7,8) and BNSS Diminished expression was defined as the sum of the BNSS subscales blunted affect (items 9-11) and alogia (items 12,13); PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depre…”
MethodInfluentialNonverbal Behavior During Clinical Interviews
Annen, S., Roser, P., & Brüne, M. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31823e653b · Cited by 38
“…the amount of flight behavior in schizophrenia patients was associated with greater symptom severity, and an inverse correlation was found between assertive behavior and severity of psychopathology examined by independent clinicians using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodNeurocognitive Outcomes in the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Study
Frazier, J. A., Giuliano, A. J., Johnson, J. L., Yakutis, L., Youngstrom, E. A., Breiger, D., Sikich, L., Findling, R. L., McClellan, J., Hamer, R. M., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.001 · Cited by 41
Principal-component analysis of PANSS and SANS - SAPS global ratings in schizophrenic patients
Dollfus, S., Petit, M., Lesieur, P., & Ménard, J.-F. (1991) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0924933800003886 · Cited by 38
White, R. G., Gumley, A. I., McTaggart, J., Rattrie, L., McConville, D., Cleare, S., & Mitchell, G. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000239 · Cited by 37
Sleep-promoting action of the endogenous melatonin in schizophrenia compared to healthy controls
Afonso, P., Figueira, M. L., & Paiva, T. (2011) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.605954 · Cited by 37
Tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence in first episode and established psychosis
Lally, J., Spaducci, G., Gardner-Sood, P., Atakan, Z., Greenwood, K., Forti, M. D., Ismail, K., Murphy, K. C., Smith, S. M., McNeill, A. D., et al. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.002 · Cited by 37
Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor Monotherapy Is Not an Effective Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia
Walling, D. P., Banerjee, A., Dawra, V. K., Boyer, S., Schmidt, C. J., & DeMartinis, N. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001128 · Cited by 37
Mentalizing Mediates the Relationship Between Psychopathy and Type of Aggression in Schizophrenia
Bo, S., Abu-Akel, A. M., Kongerslev, M., Haahr, U., & BATEMAN, A. W. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000067 · Cited by 42
“In this study, an abbreviated version of the original PANSSwas used (Kay et al., 1989), with a scoring system and scale construction equivalent to the original instrument, but with reduced items: positive symptoms (three items), negative symptoms (three items), and general psychopathology (two *…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLencer, R., Keedy, S., Reilly, J. L., McDonough, B. E., Harris, M. S. H., Sprenger, A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.011 · Cited by 37
“c PANSS - Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989).”
InfluentialKishi, T., Meltzer, H. Y., & Iwata, N. (2013) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000151 · Cited by 37
“(2010) reported that buspirone adjuvant therapy was superior to placebo in improving the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989) total symptoms, positive and negative symptoms scores.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kay, Stanley R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- 59-65
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1688754235
- Cited by
- 1,016
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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