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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation
Abstract
Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.
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“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
From Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in people with established psychotic illnesses: baseline data from the IMPaCT randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al. 1989
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Cites
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Items 201–300 of 1,000
Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia correlate with P50 gating.
Smith, D., Grant, B., Fisher, D., Borracci, G., Labelle, A., & Knott, V. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.004 · Cited by 71
“Patients were selected based on their overall hallucinatory traits, as measured by the clinician rated score on the hallucination item section of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989) (mean positive symptoms score = 19.07, SE = 1.06, mean negative symptoms score = 16.86, SE = 1.69, mean g…”
MethodInfluentialMoritz, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., & Lincoln, T. M. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/384039 · Cited by 81
“While some studies used expert ratings like the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); [51], others have used self-rating scales like the Peters’ Delusions Inventory (PDI); [52] or the Paranoia Checklist [53].”
MethodPituitary volume in unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Gabilondo, A., Tournikioti, K., Walshe, M., Marshall, N., Schulze, K. K., Murray, R. M., McDonald, C., & Pariante, C. M. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.010 · Cited by 72
“The patients were also assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodLindenmayer, J., & Khan, A. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.021 · Cited by 72
Structural magnetic imaging of the hippocampus in early onset schizophrenia
Matsumoto, H., Simmons, A., Williams, S., Pipe, R., Murray, R. M., & Frangou, S. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01073-3 · Cited by 72
Incorrigibility, jumping to conclusions, and decision threshold in schizophrenia
Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., Hottenrott, B., Woodward, T. S., & Moritz, S. (2011) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.536084 · Cited by 72
Lançon, C., Reine, G., Llorca, P., & Auquier, P. (1999) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10851.x · Cited by 72
Trajectories and Antecedents of Treatment Response Over Time in Early-Episode Psychosis
Levine, S. Z., & Rabinowitz, J. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn120 · Cited by 72
Birchwood, M. J., Lester, H. E., McCarthy, L., Jones, P. B., Fowler, D. G., Amos, T., Freemantle, N., Sharma, V. K., Lavis, A., Singh, S. P., et al. (2013) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12007 · Cited by 71
“The PANSS is one of the most widely used instruments in schizophrenia research(26) and has excellent inter-rater, testretest and internal reliability.(27) (ii) Insight Scale.”
MethodSzakács, A., Hallböök, T., Tideman, P., Darín, N., & Wentz, E. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4582 · Cited by 71
Influence of age on outcome of psychological treatments in first-episode psychosis
Haddock, G., Lewis, S. W., Bentall, R. P., Dunn, G., Drake, R., & Tarrier, N. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.3.250 · Cited by 71
Kimhy, D., Goetz, R. R., Yale, S. A., Corcoran, C. M., & Malaspina, D. (2005) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000089455 · Cited by 71
Dirichlet component regression and its applications to psychiatric data
Gueorguieva, R. V., Rosenheck, R. A., & Zelterman, D. A. (2008) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.05.030 · Cited by 70
“As an example, symptoms and behaviors characteristic of schizophrenia can be assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodSocial cognition in schizophrenia: Cognitive and affective factors
Ziv, I., Leiser, D., & Levine, J. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.492693 · Cited by 75
Dunn, H., Morrison, A. P., & Bentall, R. P. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.481 · Cited by 70
Δ9-THC Disrupts Gamma (γ)-Band Neural Oscillations in Humans
Cortes-Briones, J., Skosnik, P. D., Mathalon, D. H., Cahill, J. D., Pittman, B. P., Williams, A. H., Sewell, R. A., Ranganathan, M., Roach, B. J., Ford, J. M., et al. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.53 · Cited by 70
Moritz, S., Andresen, B., Domin, F., MARTIN, T., Probsthein, E., Kretschmer, G., Krausz, M. R., Naber, D., & Spitzer, M. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007831 · Cited by 69
“…sometimes categorized under the term ‘central executive ’ or ‘abstract thinking’ are usually separated from the diagnosis of thought disorder ; for example, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al. 1989) has distinct scales for measuring formal thought disorder and abstract thinking.”
The Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology Of Lipoid Proteinosis
Thornton, H. B., Nel, D. G., Thornton, D., van Honk, J., Baker, G. A., & Stein, D. J. (2008) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2008.20.1.86 · Cited by 69
Sleep–wake patterns in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls
Afonso, P., Figueira, M. L., & Paiva, T. (2014) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2012.756987 · Cited by 65
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used for psychopathology assessment (Kay et al. 1989).”
MethodSPECT study of visual fixation in schizophrenia and comparison subjects
Malaspina, D., Storer, S., Furman, V., Esser, P. D., PRINTZ, D. J., Berman, A., Lignelli, A., Gorman, J. M., & Heertum, R. V. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00306-0 · Cited by 68
Haddock, G., Lobban, F. A., Hatton, C., & Carson, R. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.414 · Cited by 68
Delusional Disorders--Are They Simply Paranoid Schizophrenia?
Marneros, A., Pillmann, F., & Wustmann, T. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq125 · Cited by 71
“Psychopathological symptoms at follow-up were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).(22)”
Orlov, N. D., Tracy, D. K., Joyce, D., Patel, S., Rodzinka-Pasko, J., Dolan, H., Hodsoll, J., Collier, T., Rothwell, J., & Shergill, S. S. (2017) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.12.013 · Cited by 69
The European Schizophrenia Cohort
Bebbington, P., Angermeyer, M. C., Azorin, J., Brugha, T. S., Kilian, R., Johnson, S., Toumi, M., & Kornfeld, A. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0955-5 · Cited by 67
Grey matter deficits and symptom profile in first episode schizophrenia
Whitford, T. J., Farrow, T. F. D., Gomes, L. J., Brennan, J., Harris, A. W. F., & Williams, L. M. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.05.010 · Cited by 67
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess patients’ symptoms (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodChen, S., Broquères-You, D., Yang, G., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, N., Zhang, X., Yang, F., & Tan, Y. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.056 · Cited by 67
Lam, B. Y., Raine, A., & Lee, T. M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-138 · Cited by 64
“The original three-factor PANSS was used for analysis in the present study, and the reliabilities were 0.56 (positive), 0.77 (negative), and 0.58 (general).”
MethodInfluentialSignificance of the Positive-negative Distinction in Schizophrenia
Kay, S. R. (1990) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/16.4.635 · Cited by 67
“Second, in a sample of 30 schizophrenic patients, we obtained measurements from the Span of Attention Test (SOA; Kay and Singh 1974), which provides a behavioral sampling of concentration on a routine motor task, and on verbal encoding from the Memory Organization Test (MOT; Kay et al. 1989fl).”
BackgroundMethod. Development and pilot investigation of behavioral activation for negative symptoms.
Mairs, H., Lovell, K., Campbell, M., & Keeley, P. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445511411706 · Cited by 66
D'Souza, D. C., Singh, N., Elander, J., Carbuto, M., Pittman, B., de Haes, J. U., Sjogren, M., Peeters, P., Ranganathan, M., & Schipper, J. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.295 · Cited by 66
“Org 25935 reduced the ketamine-induced increases in measures of psychosis (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)) and perceptual alterations (Clinician Administered Dissociative Symptoms Scale (CADSS)).”
MethodInfluentialAssociations between urban upbringing and cortical thickness and gyrification
Besteher, B., Gaser, C., Spalthoff, R., & Nenadić, I. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.012 · Cited by 67
“Subtle subclinical symptoms in controls were unaccounted for, and PANSS, which was developed for patients (Kay et al., 1989), might be limited in detecting these in healthy persons, which could be related to their urban background after all.”
BackgroundRevisiting the 5 Dimensions of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
Levine, S. Z., & Rabinowitz, J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp/.0b013e31814cfabd · Cited by 66
Good, K. P. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.07.001 · Cited by 65
Margolese, H., Negrete, J. C., Tempier, R., & Gill, K. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.11.019 · Cited by 76
Moritz, S., Heeren, D., Andresen, B., & Krausz, M. R. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00241-9 · Cited by 66
‘Theory’ of mind impairment in patients affected by schizophrenia and in their parents
Anselmetti, S., Bechi, M., Bosia, M., Quarticelli, C., Ermoli, E., Smeraldi, E., & Cavallaro, R. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.018 · Cited by 71
Göder, R., Aldenhoff, J. B., Boigs, M., Braun, S., Koch, J. M., & Fritzer, G. (2006) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2006.18.4.529 · Cited by 65
Dittmann, S., Seemüller, F., Schwarz, M., Kleindienst, N., Stampfer, R., Zach, J., Born, C., Bernhard, B., Fast, K., Grunze, H., et al. (2007) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00412.x · Cited by 66
Moritz, S., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Hottenrott, B., Woodward, T. S., von Eckstaedt, F. V., Schmidt, C. S., Jelinek, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005923 · Cited by 68
“Symptom severity was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989).”
MethodVass, V., Sitko, K., West, S. A., & Bentall, R. P. (2017) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2017.1300184 · Cited by 76
Jaeger, S., Pfiffner, C., Weiser, P., Längle, G., Croissant, D., Schepp, W., Kilian, R., Becker, T., Eschweiler, G., & Steinert, T. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0687-x · Cited by 63
Calvo, P., Fortuny, J. R., Guzmán, S., Macías, C., Bowen, J., García, M. L., Orejas, O., Molins, F., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Cerón, J. J., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00631 · Cited by 62
The validation of a religiosity measure for individuals with schizophrenia
Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (2002) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670210130027 · Cited by 62
“There is evidence that the PANSS has good psychometric properties in patients with schizophrenia (Kay et al., 1989) in that the scales were internally consistent, normally distributed and demonstrate stability and reliability.”
BackgroundMethodInfluence of early trauma on features of schizophrenia
Ruby, E., Rothman, K., Corcoran, C. M., Goetz, R. R., & Malaspina, D. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12239 · Cited by 69
“Theory of mind” is impaired in Huntington's disease
Brüne, M., Blank, K., Witthaus, H., & Carsten Saft, C. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23494 · Cited by 63
“In both clinical groups, psychopathology was measured using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS).(24) PANSS and UHDRS ratings were carried out blind to the patients’ performance on the neurocognitive tasks.”
MethodSexual functioning, psychopathology and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia
Fan, X., Henderson, D. C., Chiang, E., Briggs, L. B. N., Freudenreich, O., Evins, A. E., Cather, C., & GOFF, D. C. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.033 · Cited by 67
Structural Alterations of the Social Brain: A Comparison between Schizophrenia and Autism
Radeloff, D., Ciaramidaro, A., Siniatchkin, M., Hainz, D., Schlitt, S., Weber, B., Poustka, F., Bölte, S., Walter, H., & Freitag, C. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106539 · Cited by 67
“In order to provide additional information on positive and negative symptoms, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS, [39]) was obtained from SCZ.”
MethodNahas, Z. H., George, M. S., Horner, M. D., Markowitz, J. S., Li, X., Lorberbaum, J. P., Owens, S. D., McGurk, S. R., DeVane, L., & Risch, S. C. (2003) · Neurocase · doi:10.1076/neur.9.3.274.15563 · Cited by 62
“At baseline and at the end of each twelve-week phase, patients were tested on verbal fluency and rated with Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodAnderson‐Schmidt, H., Gade, K., Malzahn, D., Papiol, S., Budde, M., Heilbronner, U., Reich‐Erkelenz, D., Adorjan, K., Kalman, J. L., Senner, F., et al. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.025 · Cited by 63
Effects of polypharmacy on outcome in patients with schizophrenia in routine psychiatric treatment
Längle, G., Steinert, T., Weiser, P., Schepp, W., Jaeger, S., Pfiffner, C., Frasch, K., Eschweiler, G. W., Messer, T., Croissant, D., et al. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01835.x · Cited by 62
Hirota, T., & Kishi, T. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.038 · Cited by 62
“In order to perform a meta-analysis, we required at least three studies with the same outcome measure, which could have included changes in the following: 1) Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989) scores of total, positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms in schizophrenia, 2) Yo…”
MethodHigher nicotine levels in schizophrenia compared with controls after smoking a single cigarette
Williams, J. M., Gandhi, K. K., Lu, S., Kumar, S., Shen, J., Foulds, J., Kipen, H. M., & Benowitz, N. L. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq102 · Cited by 61
Hatton, C., Haddock, G., Taylor, J. L., Coldwell, J. B., Crossley, R., & Peckham, N. G. (2005) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00696.x · Cited by 61
Lower β2*-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability in Smokers With Schizophrenia
D’Souza, D. C., Esterlis, I., Carbuto, M., Krasenics, M., Seibyl, J. P., Bois, F., Pittman, B. P., Ranganathan, M., Cosgrove, K., & Staley, J. K. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020189 · Cited by 62
Bersani, F. S., Minichino, A., Fojanesi, M., Gallo, M., Maglio, G., Valeriani, G., Biondi, M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 60
Haarsma, J., Knolle, F., Griffin, J. D., Taverne, H., Mada, M., Goodyer, I. M., The NSPN Consortium, Fletcher, P. C., & Murray, G. K. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000494 · Cited by 60
“…(CAPS, Bell et al., 2006), Peters Delusion Index scale (PDI, Peters et al., 1999), Comprehensive Assessment for the At risk Mental State interview (CAARMS, Yung et al., 2003) and Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS, Kay et al., 1989) to assess “caseness”, symptom severity and frequency.”
BackgroundAn exploratory, randomized controlled trial of adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia
Anderson, K. H., Ford, S. J. W., Robson, D., Cassis, J., Rodrigues, C., & Gray, R. J. (2010) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00681.x · Cited by 60
“2000), and demonstrates internal, external, and construct validity (Kay et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVerbal fluency as a possible predictor for psychosis
Becker, H. E., Nieman, D. H., Dingemans, P. M. A. J., van de Fliert, J. R., de Haan, L., & Linszen, D. H. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.08.003 · Cited by 60
Bernard, J. A., Goen, J. R. M., & Maldonado, T. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23680 · Cited by 63
“All participants were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders (SCID) [First et al., 1995], and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) [Kay et al., 1989; Kay and Qpjer, 1982] to determine the presence of comorbidities, and to quantify psychotic symptoms.”
MethodMetabolic effects of adjunctive aripiprazole in clozapine‐treated patients with schizophrenia
Fan, X., Borba, C. P. C., Copeland, P. M., Hayden, D. L., Freudenreich, O., GOFF, D. C., & Henderson, D. C. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12009 · Cited by 61
“Psychopathology and side effect assessment There were no significant differences between the two groups in week 8 changes for the PANSS total score (mean ± SD, )5.6 ± 8.8 in the aripiprazole group and )2.6 ± 6.3 in the placebo group, P = 0.660).”
MethodInfluentialGood, K. P., Whitehorn, D., Rui, Q., Milliken, H., & Kopala, L. C. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.932 · Cited by 59
Ross, J., Quayle, E., Newman, E., & Tansey, L. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.09.001 · Cited by 58
Predicting Psychiatric Hospital Admission Among Adults With Schizophrenia
Olfson, M., Ascher‐Svanum, H., Faries, D. E., & Marcus, S. C. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.62.10.pss6210_1138 · Cited by 58
Moritz, S., Mahlke, C., Westermann, S., Ruppelt, F., Lysaker, P. H., Bock, T. A., & Andreou, C. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx072 · Cited by 60
Negative Symptoms in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
GALYNKER, I. I., Roane, D. M., Miner, C. R., Feinberg, T. E., & Watts, P. (1995) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-199524310-00007 · Cited by 60
CMHP Study Group, Zhang, T.-M., Wong, I. Y.-L., Yu, Y.-H., Ni, S.-G., He, X.-S., Bacon-Shone, J., Gong, K., Huang, C.-H., Hu, Y., et al. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1646-3 · Cited by 56
Improvement of inter‐rater reliability of PANSS items and subscales by a standardized rater training
Müller, M. J., & Wetzel, H. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10055.x · Cited by 57
Látalová, K. (2011) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9200-4 · Cited by 57
“Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) item insight is a 7-level scale that conflates, to some extent, patient’s unawareness of illness with poor judgment in general.”
InfluentialKishi, T., & Iwata, N. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.013 · Cited by 57
Hides, L. M., Dawe, S., Young, R. M., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01669.x · Cited by 57
Estimating changing contexts in schizophrenia
Kaplan, C. M., Saha, D., Molina, J. L., Hockeimer, W. D., Postell, E., Apud, J. A., Weinberger, D. R., & Tan, H. Y. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww095 · Cited by 57
“Finally, we examined for differences in connectivity in these illness-related prefrontal networks in patients with schizophrenia with or without significant delusions (the former defined as scoring moderate and above on the delusions scale of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale) (Kay et al., 1989).”
BackgroundChildhood trauma-related alterations in brain function during a Theory-of-Mind task in schizophrenia
Quidé, Y., Ong, X. W., Mohnke, S., Schnell, K., Walter, H., Carr, V. J., & Green, M. J. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.012 · Cited by 57
“Current symptom severity was determined using the Positive andNegative SyndromeScale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989), current Intellectual Quotient (IQ) levels were measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler, 1999), and handedness was determined using the Edinburgh…”
MethodHallucination focused integrative treatment improves quality of life in schizophrenia patients
Wiersma, D., Jenner, J. A., Nienhuis, F. J., & van, D. W. G. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00237.x · Cited by 56
Reddy, L. F., Horan, W. P., Barch, D. M., Buchanan, R. W., Gold, J. M., Marder, S. R., Wynn, J. K., Young, J. W., & Green, M. F. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx156 · Cited by 61
Krystal, J. H., Madonick, S. H., Perry, E. B., Gueorguieva, R. V., Brush, L., Wray, Y., Belger, A., & D’Souza, D. C. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300994 · Cited by 56
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS (Kay et al, 1989)) was employed to assess several dimensions of behavior.”
MethodConstruct validity of negative symptoms: An empirical and conceptual review
Earnst, K. S., & Kring, A. M. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00052-9 · Cited by 56
Kishi, T., Matsuda, Y., & Iwata, N. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4616-7 · Cited by 55
Clinical correlates of vitamin D deficiency in established psychosis
Lally, J., Gardner-Sood, P., Firdosi, M., Iyegbe, C. O., Stubbs, B., Greenwood, K., Murray, R. M., Smith, S. M., Howes, O. D., & Gaughran, F. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0780-2 · Cited by 56
“Vitamin D levels and mental state Serum 25-OHD levels were not significantly associated with PANNS total scores (r = −0.106, p = 0.058); PANSS positive scores (r = −062, p = 0.272); PANSS negative scores (r = −0.103, p = 0.066); GAF score (r = −062, p = 0.270); or MADRS score (r = −087, p = 0.117).”
MethodInfluentialEnsum, I., & Morrison, A. P. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00102-x · Cited by 57
Woodward, T. S., Ruff, C. C., Thornton, A. E., Moritz, S., & Liddle, P. F. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00211-6 · Cited by 55
“…of the association between cognition and symptomatology in schizophrenia is that scales such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989) and The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; Andreasen, 1984a) measure disorganized and impoverished mental…”
BackgroundCannon, D. M., Walshe, M., Dempster, E. L., Collier, D. A., Marshall, N., Bramon, E., Murray, R. M., & McDonald, C. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.82 · Cited by 54
“The patients were also assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).(74) the schedule for schizotypal personalities(75) was used to assess nonpsychotic relatives and comparison subjects for schizotypal traits.”
MethodErdeniz, B., Serin, E., İbadi, Y., & Taş, C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.011 · Cited by 54
Goldberg, B. R., Serper, M. R., Sheets, M., Beech, D., Dill, C. A., & Duffy, K. G. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253748.47641.99 · Cited by 55
Williams, J. M., Steinberg, M. L., Zimmermann, M. H., Gandhi, K. K., Stipelman, B. A., Budsock, P. D., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.03.006 · Cited by 57
Helle, S., Ringen, P. A., Melle, I. S., Larsen, T. K., Gjestad, R., Johnsen, E., Lagerberg, T. V., Andreassen, O. A., Kroken, R. A., Joa, I., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.027 · Cited by 54
Martland, R., Mondelli, V., Gaughran, F., & Stubbs, B. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.039 · Cited by 61
Nonverbal Behavior During Standardized Interviews in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Brüne, M., Sonntag, C., Abdel-Hamid, M., Lehmkämper, C., Juckel, G., & Troisi, A. (2008) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31816a4922 · Cited by 55
“Patients and controls were videotaped during a clinical interview using the PANSS (Kay et al., 1989).”
Postpsychotic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
White, R. G., & Gumley, A. I. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181bea625 · Cited by 54
“Psychometric studies have reported good inter-rater reliability (e.g. correlation coefficients around 0.80) and satisfactory internal consistency, construct validity, and concurrent validity in relation to other measures of psychopathology (Kay et al., 1988; 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialPosttraumatic stress disorder, cognitive function and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia
Fan, X., Henderson, D. C., Nguyen, D. D., Cather, C., Freudenreich, O., Evins, A. E., Borba, C. P. C., & GOFF, D. C. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.012 · Cited by 57
“Clinical symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), which includes Positive Symptom, Negative Symptom, and General Psychopathology subscales (Kay et al., 1987; Kay et al., 1989).”
A double-blind trial of adjunctive allopurinol for schizophrenia
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Sullens, A., Khushalani, S., Sandson, N. B., & Yolken, R. H. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.028 · Cited by 53
Face and body perception in schizophrenia: A configural processing deficit?
Bauser, D. A. S., Thoma, P., Aizenberg, V., Brüne, M., Juckel, G., & Daum, I. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.017 · Cited by 53
“(2010) reported in theirmeta-analysis that significant relationships between face processing deficits and schizophrenia symptoms mainly emerged in studies using the Schedules for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS/SANS) Andreasen, 1984a,b) rather than in studies using the PANSS (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodResultInfluentialEvaluation of standardized rater training for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
Müller, M. J., Rossbach, W., Marx-Dannigkeit, P., Muller-Siecheneder, F., Szegedi, A., & Wetzel, H. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00051-6 · Cited by 53
Is Huntington's disease associated with deficits in theory of mind?
Eddy, C. M., Mahalingappa, S. S., & Rickards, H. E. (2012) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01659.x · Cited by 52
“These include evidence of correlations between ToM and executive performance, and lack of significant correlations between ToM performance and age of disease onset, disease duration and psychopathological symptoms (as measures using the PBA-S in the current study, and with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (40)…”
MethodCortes-Briones, J., Cahill, J. D., Skosnik, P. D., Mathalon, D. H., Williams, A. H., Sewell, R. A., Roach, B. J., Ford, J. M., Ranganathan, M., & D’Souza, D. C. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.023 · Cited by 52
Casey, D. E. (1996) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.5.8.939 · Cited by 53
Moritz, S., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., Karow, A., & Lincoln, T. M. (2010) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522430903191791 · Cited by 51
Insula sub-regions across the psychosis spectrum: morphology and clinical correlates
Sheffield, J. M., Huang, A. S., Rogers, B. P., Blackford, J. U., Heckers, S., & Woodward, N. D. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01461-0 · Cited by 46
Lee, S., Kim, B., Oh, D., Kim, M., Kim, K.-H., Bang, S. Y., Choi, T. K., & Lee, S.-H. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.011 · Cited by 51
“All patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder in the present study had been in a severe psychopathological state with high scores of the PANSS, SAPS and SANS.”
MethodInfluentialMoritz, S., Mersmann, K., Kloss, M., Jacobsen, D., Andresen, B., Krausz, M. R., Pawlik, K., & Naber, D. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00057-8 · Cited by 51
Jensen, J. B., Kumra, S., Leitten, W., Oberstar, J. V., Anjum, A., White, T. J. H., Wozniak, J. R., Lee, S. S., & Schulz, S. C. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0123 · Cited by 51
“Subjects also were selected on the basis of having at least one positive or negative symptom associated with schizophrenia that had been present throughout the past 2 weeks of moderate or greater severity on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1989).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kay, Stanley R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- 59-65
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1688754235
- Cited by
- 1,016
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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