Cited by 1,016Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation

Kay, Stanley R., Opler, Lewis A., Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre·1989·British Journal of Psychiatry

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Abstract

Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.

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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
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Research works printed but not linked: 2

Opler, 1987, Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis: Description, Research, and Future Directions in Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis: Description, Research, and Future Directions, 124
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“The severity of psychopathological symptoms in SSD patients was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [31], which includes subscales for positive, negative, and general symptoms.”
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Grassi, S., Orsenigo, G., Serati, M., Caletti, E., Altamura, A. C., & Buoli, M. (2017) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.128 · Cited by 2
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Zhuo, C., Li, C., Ma, X.-Y., Li, R.-L., Chen, X.-M., Li, Y.-C., Zhang, Q.-Y., Yang, L.-X., & Wang, L.-N. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00597-y · Cited by 1
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Rambeau, S., Goleto, S. D., Pignon, B., Lajnef, M., Petrucci, J., Szöke, A., Fond, G. B., Lançon, C., Dorey, J., Rey, R., et al. (2021) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2021.2011184 · Cited by 2
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989, 1987; Lançon et al., 1999) was used to assess symptom severity.”
Method
[Prevalence, associated factors and phenomenology of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease].
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Cavallaro, R., Bosia, M., Guglielmino, C., & Smeraldi, E. (2012) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2012.01.001 · Cited by 2
Variables Influencing Subjective Well-Being in Patients with Schizophrenia
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“Lastly, correlation analyses were done between the slope of the ‘brain scores’ (i.e. the dot-product of the singular image and the individual's fMRI data) as they changed across scan sessions and accuracy on the learning task, symptom scores (PANSS), neurocognitive scores (RBANS) and medication dosages (chlorpromazine…”
Method
Cognitive Behavioral Approaches for Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
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A Self-Management App for Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
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“The primary objective of the present study is to observe if a self-management mobile app for patients with schizophrenia affects their Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [4] score after one month of use.”
BackgroundInfluential
Unilateral anterior capsulotomy combined with deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease psychosis and motor dysfunctions
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Social anxiety in schizophrenia
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Diagnostik in der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie
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Psychological Disorders
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“Service user symptom severity will be assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (PANSS) scale [50].”
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Validation of the Indonesian version of psychotic symptom rating scale (Ina-PSYRATS) hallucination subscale
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“The psychometric properties of Ina-PSYRATS were studied and a comparison was made between the PSYRATS and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
Affiliations: Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Kay, Stanley R.
ORCID: Opler, Lewis A.
Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre
Venue: British Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Published: 1989-11
Volume: 155
Issue: S7
Pages: 59-65
ISSN: 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
1472-1465
DOI: 10.1192/s0007125000291514
OpenAlex: W1688754235
Cited by: 1,016
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 6.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 10505 d)
Locations: The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
MeSH terms: Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology

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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation

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