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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation
Abstract
Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.
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“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
From Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in people with established psychotic illnesses: baseline data from the IMPaCT randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al. 1989
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Dugre, J. R., Dumais, A., Tikàsz, A., Mendrek, A., & Potvin, S. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-021-00147-2 · Cited by 25
Shen, C.-L., Tsai, S., Lin, C., & Yang, A. C. (2023) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00328-7 · Cited by 25
The Positive and Negative Symptoms Questionnaire: a self-report scale in schizophrenia
Iancu, I., Poreh, A., Lehman, B., Shamir, E. Z., & Kotler, M. (2004) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.014 · Cited by 25
Rabin, R. A., Kozak, K., Zakzanis, K. K., Remington, G. J., & George, T. P. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.010 · Cited by 25
“In patients, PANSS subscores did not change over time irrespective of abstinence status.”
MethodInfluentialDalum, H. S., Waldemar, A. K., Korsbek, L., Hjorthøj, C. R., Mikkelsen, J. H., Thomsen, K., Kistrup, K. R., Olander, M., Lindschou, J., Nordentoft, M., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194027 · Cited by 28
“The secondary outcomes were symptom severity on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [14] and social functioning on Illness management and recovery: Clinical outcomes of a randomized trial”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVitamin D and clinical symptoms in First Episode Psychosis (FEP): A prospective cohort study
Lally, J., Ajnakina, O., Singh, N., Gardner-Sood, P., Stubbs, B., Stringer, D., Forti, M. D., David, A. S., Smith, S. M., Murray, R. M., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.011 · Cited by 25
Martinotti, G., Ricci, V., Nicola, M. D., Caltagirone, C., Bria, P., & Angelucci, F. (2011) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0b013e318205e1c0 · Cited by 25
Verbal Fluency, Semantics, Context and Symptom Complexes in Schizophrenia
Vogel, A., Chenery, H., Dart, C. M., Đoàn, B., Tan, M., & Copland, D. (2009) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-009-9100-z · Cited by 27
Lançon, C., Aghababian, V., Llorca, P., Bernard, D., & Auquier, P. (1999) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379904400905 · Cited by 25
Cognitive Impairments in Drug-Naive Patients With First-Episode Negative Symptom–Dominant Psychosis
Zhang, T., Wei, Y., Tang, X., Cui, H., Hu, Y., Xu, L., Liu, H., Wang, Z., Chen, T., Hu, Q., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15110 · Cited by 25
Yang, Y. Q., Sun, S., Yu, Y. Q., Li, W. J., Zhang, X., Xiu, M. H., Chen, D. C., Yang, F. D., Liu, H., Li, C., et al. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.020 · Cited by 24
Behere, R. V. (2013) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.111445 · Cited by 24
“was assessed using the positive and negative signs and symptoms scale (PANSS)[19] and NSS was assessed using the modified neurological evaluation scale.”
MethodInfluentialDentate gyrus volume deficit in schizophrenia.
Nakahara, S., Turner, J. A., Calhoun, V. D., Lim, K. O., Mueller, B. A., Bustillo, J., OʼLeary, D. S., McEwen, S. C., Voyvodic, J. T., Belger, A., et al. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 24
Placebo response trajectories in short-term and long-term antipsychotic trials in schizophrenia
Potkin, S. G., Agid, O., SIU, C. O., Watsky, E. J., Vanderburg, D. G., & Remington, G. J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.028 · Cited by 24
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989) was completed at baseline, weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in the shortterm trials, and at baseline, weeks 3, 6, 16, 28, 40, and 52 in the longterm trial.”
Canal‐Rivero, M., López-Moríñigo, J.-D., Barrigón, M. L., Garcelán, S. P., Jimenez-Casado, C., David, A. S., Obiols, J. E., & Ruíz-Veguilla, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.050 · Cited by 24
“The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989; Peralta, 1994) is a 30-item scale designed to measure positive (Items P1 to P7) and negative (Items N1 to N7) symptoms in schizophrenic patients, as well as general psychopathology (Items G1 to G16).”
BackgroundInfluentialOlajossy-Hilkesberger, L., Godlewska, B. R., Schosser, A., Olajossy, M., Wojcierowski, J., Landowski, J., Marmurowska-Michałowska, H., & Kasper, S. F. (2011) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000327602 · Cited by 24
Religious beliefs and religious delusions: Response to treatment in schizophrenia
Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (2004) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670310001602454 · Cited by 23
“The PANSS (Kay et al., 1989) is a 30-item scale, which measures a range of psychotic and non-psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.”
BackgroundDistractibility in schizophrenia
Bergman, A. J., O'Brien, J., Osgood, G., & Cornblatt, B. A. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02590-s · Cited by 24
The economic value of atypical antipsychotics: A comparison of risperidone and olanzapine revisited
Lecompte, D., & Cookson, R. F. (1999) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651509909024752 · Cited by 24
Stant, A. D., TenVergert, E. M., Groen, H., Jenner, J. A., Nienhuis, F. J., van de Willige, G., & Wiersma, D. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00102.x · Cited by 24
“Main outcome measure of the cost-effectiveness analysis was the aggregated score on the PANSS (25).”
MethodSauriol, L., Laporta, M., Edwardes, M. D., Deslandes, M., Ricard, N., & Suissa, S. (2001) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80082-5 · Cited by 24
Wickett, A., Essman, W., Beck-Jennings, J., Davis, L., McIlvried, J., & Lysaker, P. H. (2006) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000235509.00780.85 · Cited by 23
Haddock, G., Lowens, I., Brosnan, N., Barrowclough, C., & Novaco, R. W. (2004) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465804001055 · Cited by 24
Prospective memory performance in patients with drug-naïve, first-episode psychosis
Zhuo, K., Lu, Y. S., Yang, Z., Fan, X., Song, Z., Liao, L., Ji, C., Zhu, D., Yu, S., Yan, C., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.002 · Cited by 23
“Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1987, 1989); and the Clinical Global Impressions-severity scale (CGI) (Guy and Bonato, 1976).”
MethodNetwork analysis of cognitive deficit in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Karyakina, M., & Shmukler, A. B. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2021.100213 · Cited by 21
Fractal dimension analysis of resting state functional networks in schizophrenia from EEG signals
de Miras, J. R., Ibáñez-Molina, A. J., Soriano, M. F., & Iglesias‐Parro, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1236832 · Cited by 23
“In order to assess psychopathology in the SCZ group the Spanish version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used (Kay et al., 1989; Peralta and Cuesta, 1994).”
MethodLevine, S. Z., & Leucht, S. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.030 · Cited by 23
Montgomery, S. A., & van Zwieten-Boot, B. (2006) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.05.004 · Cited by 23
Luo, C., Lencer, R., Hu, N., Xiao, Y., Zhang, W., Li, S., Lui, S., & Gong, Q. (2020) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaa061 · Cited by 23
“While the disease duration was similar among patient subgroups, there was a significant group difference in their PANSS scores, with higher PANSS scores in the never-treated group compared with the other 2 patient groups.”
MethodInfluentialPredictive value of symptoms for quality of life in first-episode schizophrenia
Chugh, P. K., Rehan, H. S., Unni, K. E. S., & Sah, R. K. (2012) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2012.687768 · Cited by 23
Measurement of Nonmotor Symptoms in Clinical Practice
Martínez‐Martín, P., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., Forjaz, M. J., Kurtis, M. M., & Škorvánek, M. (2017) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.04.001 · Cited by 22
Knott, V., Labelle, A., Jones, B., & Mahoney, C. (2000) · Clinical Electroencephalography · doi:10.1177/155005940003100308 · Cited by 23
Pillmann, F., Wustmann, T., & Marneros, A. (2012) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02287.x · Cited by 22
“Psychopathological symptoms at the follow-up investigations were determined using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS).(17) The level of general functioning was assessed using the global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale,(6) which is a widely used rating scale for evaluating the overall functioning of…”
MethodFan, X., Liu, E., Freudenreich, O., Copeland, P. M., Hayden, D., Ghebremichael, M. S., Cohen, B. M., OngurMD, D., GOFF, D. C., & Henderson, D. C. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31828701d0 · Cited by 22
Rémillard, S., Pourcher, E., & Cohen, H. (2007) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080090 · Cited by 23
Lenert, L. A., Rupnow, M. F. T., & Elnitsky, C. (2005) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-3-57 · Cited by 22
Psychopharmacologic treatment of negative schizophrenic symptoms
Opler, L. A., Albert, D. B., & RAMIREZ, P. M. (1994) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(94)90165-1 · Cited by 22
Nicotine intake and smoking topography in smokers with bipolar disorder
Williams, J. M., Gandhi, K. K., Lu, S., Steinberg, M. L., & Benowitz, N. L. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01047.x · Cited by 21
“No mood stabilizer 23 (31.1) 53 (72.6) – – Antidepressant 33 (44.6) 27 (37.0) – – Benzodiazepine 14 (18.9) 6 (8.2) – – Antipsychotic 56 (75.7) 73 (100) – – BPD, bipolar disorder; CO = carbon monoxide; CON, control; FTND = Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; GED = General Educational Development; MADRS = Montgomer…”
MethodInfluentialYu, T., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Xu, C., & Deng, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.799899 · Cited by 21
“The PANSS was used for assessing the symptom severity of patients suffering from schizophrenia (18).”
MethodColibazzi, T., Wexler, B. E., Bansal, R., Hao, X., Liu, J., Sanchez‐Peña, J., Corcoran, C. M., Lieberman, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055783 · Cited by 21
“PANSS scores were available for 52 of our 76-person patient sample.”
MethodInfluentialA feasibility study of a new computerised cognitive remediation for young adults with schizophrenia
Cellard, C., Reeder, C., Paradis-Giroux, A.-A., Roy, M., Gilbert, E., Ivers, H., Bouchard, R.-H., Maziade, M., & Wykes, T. (2015) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1019891 · Cited by 21
“The standard deviations for the clinical variables were obtained from published research: Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS; Stip et al., 2003), Self-Esteem Rating Scale short form (SERS; Staring, Van der Gaag, Van den Berge, Duivenvoorden, & Mulder, 2009), Positive and Negative Syndro…”
MethodBo, S., Abu-Akel, A. M., Bertelsen, P., Kongerslev, M., & Haahr, U. (2013) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2013.787562 · Cited by 23
Progressive muscle relaxation for patients with chronic schizophrenia: A randomized controlled study
Lu, S., Lin, M., & Chang, H. (2019) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12384 · Cited by 25
Structural brain morphometry associated with theory of mind in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Quidé, Y., Wilhelmi, C., & Green, M. J. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.322 · Cited by 21
Voice hearers’ experiences of the Making Sense of Voices approach in an NHS setting
Steel, C., Schnackenberg, J., Travers, Z., Longden, E., Greenfield, E., Meredith, L., Perry, H., & Corstens, D. (2020) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2019.1707859 · Cited by 21
PANSS rater training using Internet and videoconference: Results from a pilot study
Kobak, K. A., Opler, M. G., & Engelhardt, N. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.011 · Cited by 21
“The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate this new approach in training novice raters on the administration of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989), one of the most widely employed clinician-administered tools for measuring symptom severity in psychotic disorders (Kay et al.”
BackgroundGassmann, W., Christ, O., Lampert, J., & Berger, H. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-10 · Cited by 21
“The instrument is clinician rated and covers positive, negative and general psychopathological symptoms [29].”
BackgroundMembrane phospholipid abnormalities of basal ganglia in never-treated schizophrenia
Jayakumar, P. N., Gangadhar, B. N., Subbakrishna, D. K., Janakiramaiah, N., Srinivas, J. S., & Keshavan, M. S. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01829-2 · Cited by 21
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Boronow, J. J., Sullens, A., & Yolken, R. H. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318093ed46 · Cited by 21
Lahera, G., Ruiz, Á. Y., Brañas, A., Vicens, M., & Orozco, A. (2017) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2017.10.006 · Cited by 20
Clayson, P. E., Wynn, J. K., Infantolino, Z. P., Hajcak, G., Green, M. F., & Horan, W. P. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000469 · Cited by 23
Kim, Y., & Yoon, H.-K. (2011) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-011-9460-7 · Cited by 20
“The psychopathological status of the patients was assessed by a trained physician using the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1989), and the Calgarly depression scale for schizophrenia (CDSS) (Addington et al.”
MethodAscher‐Svanum, H., Novick, D., Haro, J. M., Aguado, J., & Cui, Z. L. (2012) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0335-z · Cited by 20
Motor Agency: A New and Highly Sensitive Measure to Reveal Agency Disturbances in Early Psychosis
Wilquin, H., & Delevoye-Turrell, Y. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030449 · Cited by 24
“Symptom severity was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS [21]).”
MethodThibaudeau, É., Cellard, C., Reeder, C., Wykes, T., Ivers, H., Maziade, M., Lavoie, M.-A., Pothier, W., & Achim, A. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2017/7203871 · Cited by 20
“At the time of testing, he was taking clozapine and presented with moderate to severe positive symptoms (range of PANSS score = 3–6; mean = 5.3) and moderate cognitive/disorganization symptoms (range of PANSS score = 1–6; mean = 4.0).”
MethodInfluentialImpey, D., Baddeley, A., Nelson, R., Labelle, A., & Knott, V. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1783-y · Cited by 20
“…min, 2 mA) administered to patients over 5 consecutive days, with the cathode over temporo-parietal areas and the anode over left frontal cortex, was shown to reduce hallucination severity and other clinical symptoms as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989).”
MethodJonak, K., Krukow, P., Jonak, K. E., Grochowski, C., & Karakuła‐Juchnowicz, H. (2018) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059418807372 · Cited by 20
“LDI (n = 30), Mean (SD) FES (n = 30), Mean (SD) t or χ2 P Age (years) 36.71 (9.05) 22.31 (3.11) 7.88 <.0001 Education (years) 13.63 (3.24) 13.87 (1.88) 1.72 .80 Sex (% male) 40.28 50 0.61 .44 Duration of illness (months) 132.21 (92.83) 20.11 (16.51) 6.81 <.0001 Number of hospitalizations 4.13 (2.04) 1.00 (0) 8.46 <.00…”
MethodInfluentialDietrichkeit, M., Grzella, K., Nagel, M., & Moritz, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112787 · Cited by 24
Transdiagnostic neurocognitive dysfunction in children and adolescents with mental illness
Hilton, R. A., Tozzi, L., Nesamoney, S., Kozlowska, K., Kohn, M. R., Harris, A. W. F., Clarke, S. P., & Williams, L. M. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00199-6 · Cited by 19
Predictors of Exercise in Individuals with Schizophrenia
Bassilios, B., Judd, F. K., Pattison, P. E., Nicholas, A., & Moeller‐Saxone, K. (2013) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.baju.030113 · Cited by 19
Kuepper, R., Oorschot, M., Myin‐Germeys, I., Smits, M., van Os, J., & Henquet, C. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12078 · Cited by 19
“On average, patients were older, had lower educational level and, per definition, had higher PANSS scores than controls.”
MethodInfluentialEmotional Face Perception in Patients with Schizophrenia: an Event-Related Potential Study
Akbarfahimi, M., Tehrani‐Doost, M., & Ghassemi, F. (2013) · Neurophysiology · doi:10.1007/s11062-013-9363-8 · Cited by 19
Saleem, M. M., Harte, M., Marshall, K. M., Scally, A., Brewin, A., & Neill, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881113477746 · Cited by 19
“87 reported for the positive, negative and general psychopathology scales (Kay et al., 1989) Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindenmayer JP (1989).”
BackgroundMethodPozza, A., & Dèttore, D. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22901 · Cited by 19
de Girolamo, G., Carrà, G., Fangerau, H., Ferrari, C., Gosek, P., Heitzman, J., Salize, H. J., Walker, M. M., Wancata, J., & Picchioni, M. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2379-x · Cited by 22
Clark, S. D., Snellenberg, J. X. V., Lawson, J. M., & Abi‐Dargham, A. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0730-z · Cited by 19
“Scales utilized in these trials included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) [16]; Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) [17]; Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) [18, 19]; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [20, 21]; Verhaltens-Beobachtungs-Skala (VBS) [22]; Inpatient M…”
MethodThe relationship between cannabis use and cognition in people diagnosed with first-episode psychosis
de Vos, C., Leopold, K., Blanke, E. S., Siebert, S., Baumgardt, J., Burkhardt, E., & Bechdolf, A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113424 · Cited by 19
Cognitive function and suicide risk in Han Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia
Zoghbi, A. W., Jurdi, R. K. A., Deshmukh, P., Chen, D. C., Xiu, M. H., Tan, Y., Yang, F. D., & Zhang, X. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.046 · Cited by 19
“a PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989). A.W. Zoghbi et al. / Psychiatry Research 220 (2014) 188–192 190”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilquin, H., Delevoye, Y., Dione, M., & Giersch, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00193 · Cited by 19
“Symptom severity was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodSeasonality of birth and ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia
d’Amato, T., Rochet, T., Daléry, J., Chauchat, J.-H., Martin, J.-P., & Marie-Cardine, M. (1994) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(94)90001-9 · Cited by 19
Antipsychotic drug treatment for elderly people with late-onset schizophrenia
Arunpongpaisal, S., Ahmed, I., Aqeel, N., & Paholpak, S. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004162 · Cited by 19
Sun, Y., Zhang, Z., Kakkos, I., Matsopoulos, G. K., Yuan, J., Suckling, J., Xu, L., Cao, S., Chen, W., Hu, X., et al. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3139701 · Cited by 22
Auditory verbal hallucinations reflect stable auditory attention deficits: a prospective study
Løberg, E., Jørgensen, H. A., Kroken, R., & Johnsen, E. (2015) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2014.977857 · Cited by 18
A computational algorithm for personalized medicine in schizophrenia
Lee, B. S., McIntyre, R. S., Gentle, J. E., Park, N. S., Chiriboga, D. A., Lee, Y. L., Singh, S., & McPherson, M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.001 · Cited by 19
Ryland, H., Cook, J. A., Yukhnenko, D., Fitzpatrick, R. M., & Fazel, S. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.32 · Cited by 19
“The Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale [53] and Brief Psychiatric Ratings Scale [54] both appeared frequently, but were excluded from more detailed assessment as they only focused on symptoms and were not designed for use in a forensic context (see Supplementary Material 3).”
Zhao, Y., Ma, T., Ran, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., & Ku, Y. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009544 · Cited by 17
Experimental Models of Schizophrenia
Kay, S. R., & Sandyk, R. (1991) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459108987184 · Cited by 18
Validität der Erfassung schizophrener Basissymptome
Maß, R., Hitschfeld, K., Wall, E., & Wagner, H.-B. (1997) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s001150050115 · Cited by 18
Barrowcliff, A. L., & Haddock, G. (2010) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2010.520365 · Cited by 18
“The reliability and validity of the PANSS is considered to be good (Kay et al., 1989).”
BackgroundProlonged cortical silent period among drug-naive subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis
Tang, Y., Zhang, T., Edelman, B. J., Zeng, B., Zhao, S., Li, C., Zhuo, K., Qian, Z., Li, H., Guo, Q., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.004 · Cited by 18
Evaluation eines standardisierten Trainings für die "Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale" (PANSS)
Müller, M. J., Rossbach, W., Davids, E., Wetzel, H., & Benkert, O. (2000) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s001150050029 · Cited by 18
Ross, D. E. (2000) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033500 · Cited by 18
ECNP consensus meeting. Negative, depressive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
van Zwieten-Boot, B. (2007) · Cited by 18
Ng, L. C., Petruzzi, L. J., Greene, M. C., Mueser, K. T., Borba, C. P. C., & Henderson, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000523 · Cited by 17
“Positive and negative psychotic symptoms were assessed with the clinician-administered Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1987; Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluentialKishi, T., Hirota, T., & Iwata, N. (2013) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0406-3 · Cited by 17
“The negative outcome measure included the change in negative BPRS scores from baseline to endpoint from one study, negative PANSS endpoint scores from one study, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) [2] endpoint scores from three studies.”
MethodInfluentialModerators of treatment efficacy in individualized metacognitive training for psychosis (MCT+)
Leanza, L., Studerus, E., Bozikas, V. P., Moritz, S., & Andreou, C. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101547 · Cited by 17
Cognitive Functioning in Recent Onset Psychosis
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C. R., Vaughan, C., Origoni, A. E., Khushalani, S., Dickinson, D., & Medoff, D. R. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31821cd0ff · Cited by 17
“1993) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1989) by trained raters.”
MethodKnapp, F. A., Viechtbauer, W., Leonhart, R., Nitschke, K., & Kaller, C. P. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000459 · Cited by 21
“For symptom severity, only those studies were included that reported negative, positive, general and total symptom scores according to the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale [i.e. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); Kay et al. 1989].”
MethodMoritz, S., Menon, M., Andersen, D., Woodward, T. S., & Gallinat, J. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9868-3 · Cited by 17
“The PANSS is considered the gold standard assessment procedure in clinical trials (Suzuki 2011) and has good psychometric properties and is sensitive to change (Kay et al. 1989; Peralta and Cuesta 1994; Santor et al. 2007).”
MethodCerebral blood flow in striatal regions is associated with apathy in patients with schizophrenia
Schneider, K., Michels, L., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Burrer, A., Tobler, P. N., Stämpfli, P., Kirschner, M., Seifritz, E., & Kaiser, S. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170150 · Cited by 17
Qiao, Y., Liu, C. P., Han, H., Liu, F. J., Shao, Y., & Xie, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00312 · Cited by 17
Memory deficits in late-onset schizophrenia
Brichant‐Petitjean, C., Legauffre, C., Ramoz, N., Adès, J., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Dubertret, C. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.021 · Cited by 17
“Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodEmotion perception and overconfidence in errors under stress in psychosis
Köther, U., Lincoln, T. M., & Moritz, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.044 · Cited by 17
Multivantaged assessment of depression in schizophrenia
Lindenmayer, J., Kay, S. R., & Plutchik, R. (1992) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(92)90112-g · Cited by 17
Salazar-Fraile, J., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Selva‐Vera, G., Martínez‐Arán, A., Sánchez‐Moreno, J., Rubio, C., Vieta, E., Gómez-Beneyto, M., & Tabarés‐Seisdedos, R. (2009) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632009000300007 · Cited by 17
Effects of antipsychotic drugs on insight in schizophrenia
Bianchini, O., Porcelli, S., Nespeca, C., Cannavò, D., Trappoli, A., Aguglia, E., De Ronchi, D., & Serretti, A. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.022 · Cited by 16
“Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989), by a trained rater,”
BackgroundMeta-analysis of the relationship between metacognition and disorganized symptoms in psychosis
Myers, E. J., Abel, D. B., Mickens, J. L., Russell, M. T., Rand, K. L., Salyers, M. P., Lysaker, P. H., & Minor, K. S. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.009 · Cited by 17
Adelsky, M. B., Bowie, C. R., Goldberg, T. E., & Serper, M. R. (2010) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181ffeb32 · Cited by 16
Rentrop, M., Roth, A., Rodewald, K., Simon, J. J., Metzler, S., Walther, S., Weisbrod, M., & Kaiser, S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.020 · Cited by 16
“Patients were rated on the PANSS (Kay et al., 1989) by a trained psychologist and all patients with any positive symptomratedhigher than fourwereexcluded.”
MethodCarrà, G., Crocamo, C., Bartoli, F., Angermeyer, M. C., Brugha, T. S., Toumi, M., & Bebbington, P. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000321 · Cited by 16
“In the current analysis, we included the positive and negative sub-scores (based on items P1–P7, and N1–N7, respectively) (Kay et al., 1989; Addington et al., 1990, 1992).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kay, Stanley R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- 59-65
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1688754235
- Cited by
- 1,016
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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