The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Much Ado About Nothing: A Comparison of Missing Data Methods and Software to Fit Incomplete Data Regression Models
Open accessAbstract
Missing data are a recurring problem that can cause bias or lead to inefficient analyses. Development of statistical methods to address missingness have been actively pursued in recent years, including imputation, likelihood and weighting approaches. Each approach is more complicated when there are many patterns of missing values, or when both categorical and continuous random variables are involved. Implementations of routines to incorporate observations with incomplete variables in regression models are now widely available. We review these routines in the context of a motivating example from a large health services research dataset. While there are still limitations to the current implementations, and additional efforts are required of the analyst, it is feasible to incorporate partially observed values, and these methods should be utilized in practice.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
Multiple imputation after 18+ years
Rubin, D. B. (1996) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1996.10476908 · Cited by 4,072
Schafer, J. L. (1999) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029900800102 · Cited by 3,949
Multiple imputation of discrete and continuous data by fully conditional specification
van Buuren, S. (2007) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280206074463 · Cited by 2,827
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Royston, P. (2004) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301 · Cited by 2,340 · cited 1×
“Patrick Royston’s ICE (imputation using chained equations), implemented within Stata, provides support for categorical missing values (Royston 2005).”
MethodAnalyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation
King, G., Honaker, J., Joseph, A., & Scheve, K. (2001) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055401000235 · Cited by 1,834
Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis
van de Beek, D., de Gans, J., Spanjaard, L., Weisfelt, M., Reitsma, J. B., & Vermeulen, M. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040845 · Cited by 1,639
Fully conditional specification in multivariate imputation
Van Buuren, S., Brand, J. P. L., Groothuis-Oudshoorn, C. G. M., & Rubin, D. B. (2006) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/10629360600810434 · Cited by 1,217
What to do about missing values in time series cross- section data
Honaker, J., & King, G. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00447.x · Cited by 966
Cited by
mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R
Buuren, S. V., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v045.i03 · Cited by 13,870
Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4067 · Cited by 9,792
Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393 · Cited by 7,299
Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world
Graham, J. W. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530 · Cited by 6,163
Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?
Azur, M. J., Stuart, E. A., Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. J. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.329 · Cited by 3,542
Principled missing data methods for researchers
Dong, Y., & Peng, C.-Y. J. (2013) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-222 · Cited by 2,208
Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata
Royston, P., & White, I. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v045.i04 · Cited by 1,248
What to do about missing values in time series cross- section data
Honaker, J., & King, G. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00447.x · Cited by 966
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization
Kern, R. S., Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Baade, L. E., Fenton, W. S., Gold, J. M., Keefe, R. S. E., Mesholam-Gately, R., Mintz, J., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043 · Cited by 744
Single-case experimental designs: a systematic review of published research and current standards
Smith, J. D. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0029312 · Cited by 630
Tuning multiple imputation by predictive mean matching and local residual draws
Morris, T. P., White, I. R., & Royston, P. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-75 · Cited by 568
Comparison of performance of data imputation methods for numeric dataset
Jadhav, A., Pramod, D., & Ramanathan, K. (2019) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2019.1637138 · Cited by 471
Techniques for Handling Missing Data in Secondary Analyses of Large Surveys
Langkamp, D. L., Lehman, A., & Lemeshow, S. (2010) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2010.01.005 · Cited by 218
Montgomery, A. L., Ram, U., Kumar, R., Jha, P., & Collaborators, F. T. M. D. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083331 · Cited by 213
Martin, R. M., Patel, R., Kramer, M. S., Guthrie, L., Vilchuck, K., Bogdanovich, N., Sergeichick, N., Gusina, N., Foo, Y., Palmer, T., et al. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.167 · Cited by 168
Litzelman, K., Kent, E. E., Mollica, M., & Rowland, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.67.3434 · Cited by 140
Chronic sleep curtailment and adiposity
Taveras, E. M., Gillman, M. W., Peña, M.-M., Redline, S., & Rifas-Shiman, S. L. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3065 · Cited by 115
Missing data imputation through the use of the random forest algorithm
Pantanowitz, A., & Marwala, T. (2009) · Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03156-4_6 · Cited by 106
Handling Missing Data in the Modeling of Intensive Longitudinal Data
Ji, L., Chow, S.-M., Schermerhorn, A. C., Jacobson, N. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2018) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2017.1417046 · Cited by 74
Prospective study of insufficient sleep and neurobehavioral functioning among school-age children
Taveras, E. M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Bub, K. L., Gillman, M. W., & Oken, E. (2017) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.02.001 · Cited by 73
Lai, M. K., Wilson, A., McNaughton, S., & Hsiao, S. (2014) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.73 · Cited by 69
Kijpaisalratana, N., Sanglertsinlapachai, D., Techaratsami, S., Musikatavorn, K., & Saoraya, J. (2022) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104689 · Cited by 65
A multiple imputation strategy for sequential multiple assignment randomized trials
Shortreed, S. M., Laber, E., Scott Stroup, T., Pineau, J., & Murphy, S. A. (2014) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6223 · Cited by 61
Randomized trial of a computer-tailored intervention for patients with depression
Levesque, D. A., Van Marter, D. F., Schneider, R. J., Bauer, M. R., Goldberg, D. N., Prochaska, J. O., & Prochaska, J. M. (2011) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.090123-quan-27 · Cited by 50
Nagata, J. M., Chu, J., Ganson, K. T., Murray, S. B., Iyer, P., Gabriel, K. P., Garber, A. K., Bibbins‐Domingo, K., & Baker, F. C. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13673 · Cited by 39
A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based application for the treatment of anxiety
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Rackoff, G. N., Bell, M. J., & Taylor, C. B. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1790688 · Cited by 37
Ma, Y., Zhang, W., Lyman, S., & Huang, Y. (2018) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12704 · Cited by 29
Ertel, K. A., Kleinman, K., van Rossem, L., Sagiv, S., Tiemeier, H., Hofman, A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., & Raat, H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.05.013 · Cited by 25
Self-citationPsychological factors and trajectories of post-surgical pain: a longitudinal prospective study
Giusti, E. M., Lacerenza, M., Gabrielli, S., Manzoni, G. M., Manna, C., D’Amario, F., Marcacci, M., & Castelnuovo, G. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13074 · Cited by 27
Trends in study design and the statistical methods employed in a leading general medicine journal
Gosho, M., Sato, Y., Nagashima, K., & Takahashi, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12605 · Cited by 26
Handling missing data in single-case studies
Peng, C.-Y. J., & Chen, L.-T. (2018) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1525133280 · Cited by 22
Evaluation of Missing Data Imputation Methods for an Enhanced Distributed PV Generation Prediction
Sundararajan, A., & Sarwat, A. I. (2020) · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32520-6_43 · Cited by 22
Assessing Intervention Effects in the Presence of Missing Scores
Peng, C.-Y. J., & Chen, L.-T. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11020076 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Horton, N. J., & Kleinman, K. P.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-90
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2170674956
- Cited by
- 786
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 34.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.