Exposure to violence and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine measures in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to violence has clear, detrimental psychological consequences, but the physiological effects are less well understood. PURPOSE: This study examined the influence of exposure to violence on biological basal and reactivity measures in adolescents. METHODS: There were 115 high school student participants. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and cortisol levels were recorded during baseline and a laboratory stressor. The Exposure to Violence interview was administered and assessed two dimensions: total observed violence and total personally experienced violence. These were then divided into component parts: lifetime frequency, proximity, and severity. RESULTS: Greater total experienced violence was associated with increased basal SBP (r = .19, p < .05) and decreased acute stress reactivity in terms of SBP (beta = -.13, p = .05), HR (beta = -.21, p = .00), and HRV (beta = .13, p = .05). Lifetime frequency of experienced violence was associated with higher basal DBP (r = .33, p < .05), HR (r = .33, p < .05), and cortisol (r = .53, p < .00), and decreased SBP (beta = -.27, p < .05) and DBP (beta = -.31, p < .05) reactivity. Exposure to violence is associated with increased biological basal levels in adolescents, supporting allostatic-load research and decreased cardiovascular reactivity, supporting the inoculation effect. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrate that being a victim of violence has more pervasive biological consequences than witnessing violence and that the accumulation of stressful experiences has the greatest effect on biological markers.
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The findings support the habituation effect where chronic exposure to stressful events may be linked with reduced physiological responsiveness to new stressors over time.
“Our findings support the habituation effect discussed by Murali and Chen (34) where chronic exposure to stressful events may be linked with reduced physiological responsiveness to new stressors over time (35).”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [34]
In their study of adolescents, Murali and Chen found gender differences in physiological measures; male youth had increased diastolic blood pressure reactivity but reduced cortisol reactivity compared with female youth.
“In their study of adolescents, Murali and Chen (34) found gender differences in physiological measures; male youth had increased diastolic blood pressure reactivity but reduced cortisol reactivity compared with female youth.”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [34]
Murali and Chen found no significant associations between stress appraisal of the laboratory task and exposure to violence.
“They found no significant associations between stress appraisal of the laboratory task and the exposure to violence.”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Murali, R., & Chen, E.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Edith
- ORCID
- Chen, Edith
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-163
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- OpenAlex
- W2012519364
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion)
- Open Collections
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- violence exposure, adolescents, cardiovascular reactivity, heart rate variability, cortisol, blood pressure, stress reactivity, allostatic load, inoculation effect
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Psychophysiology, Stress, Psychological, Violence
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