When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families
Abstract
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Narratives and symbols passed down to African Americans by their ancestors were cast with existing institutions as the enemy, perpetuating their subjugation under White dominance.
“The narratives, including symbols passed down to African Americans by their ancestors, were cast with the existing institutions as the enemy, perpetuating their subjugation under White dominance (Hughes and Chen 1997).”
From Conceptualizing the Differences in the Perception and Internalization of Racism Between Black African Immigrants and African Americans in the United States (2025) · cites this paper as Hughes and Chen 1997
Cites
Cultural Mistrust and Racial Awareness among Ethnically Diverse Black Adolescent Boys
Biafora, F. A., Taylor, D. L., Warheit, G. J., et al. (1993) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984930193003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
Self-citationHughes, D. (2003) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1023066418688 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationHarris‐Britt, A., Valrie, C. R., Kurtz‐Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00540.x · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Ailshire, J., Burgard, S. A., & Williams, D. R. (2013) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Mothers' and Fathers' Racial Socialization in African American Families: Implications for Youth
McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J.-Y., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00942.x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Priest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., & Paradies, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.003 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Stevenson, H. C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798402028002002 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Dotterer, A. M., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2009) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888690902801442 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Wang, M.-T., & Huguley, J. P. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01808.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Racial Socialization as a Mechanism for Positive Development Among African American Youth
Evans, A. B., Banerjee, M., Meyer, R., Aldana, A., Foust, M., & Rowley, S. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00226.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ayón, C. (2016) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/686929 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bias Awareness Predicts Color Conscious Racial Socialization Methods among White Parents
Perry, S. P., Skinner, A. L., & Abaied, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12348 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Child, parent, and situational correlates of familial ethnic/race socialization
Brown, T. N., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., Lesane‐Brown, C. L., & Ezell, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00339.x-i1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The Meanings of Marital Equality ‐ Edited by Scott R. Harris
Steil, J. M., & Steil, J. P. (2006) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00340.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Tsai, K. M., Telzer, E. H., Gonzales, N. A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12358 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Benner, A. D., & Kim, S. Y. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000136 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Specific examples of covert socialization practices include preparing food of one's heritage culture and attending festivals, concerts, plays and other events that represent one's heritage culture (Hughes & Chen, 1997; Umaña-Taylor & Fine, 2004).”
BackgroundCultural socialization as a moderator of friendships and social competence.
Tran, A. G. T. T., & Lee, R. M. (2011) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024728 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Body Size and Social Self-Image Among Adolescent African American Girls
Granberg, E. M., Gordon Simons, L., & Simons, R. L. (2009) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x09338505 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
African American and Black Caribbean feelings of closeness to Africans
Thornton, M. C., Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Forsythe-Brown, I. (2017) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2016.1208096 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ethnic identity developmental trajectories during the transition to college
Zhou, X., Lee, R. M., & Syed, M. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000634 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnoracial Historical Trauma in the United States
Nagata, D. K., Kim, J. H. J., & Gone, J. P. (2024) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-044522 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hughes, D., & Chen, L.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Applied Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 200-214
- ISSN
- 1088-8691 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-480X
- OpenAlex
- W2165529694
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- African American families, parent-child communication, racial identity, racial attitudes, racial stereotypes
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