Cited by 384Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

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Temperament and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Development of a Multiple Pathway Model

Nigg, Joel T., Goldsmith, H. Hill, Sachek, Jennifer·2004·Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_5

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Abstract

This article outlines the parallels between major theories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and relevant temperament domains, summarizing recent research from our laboratories on (a) child temperament and (b) adult personality traits related to ADHD symptoms. These data are convergent in suggesting a role of effortful control and regulation in the core symptoms of ADHD. Negative approach and anger is also associated with ADHD, but this may be due to the overlap of ADHD and antisocial behavior. Positive approach may be involved in an alternate pathway to ADHD. The involvement of effortful control is congruent with experimental findings of executive functioning deficits in children with ADHD. We hypothesize that, whereas regulation problems may occur in most children with ADHD, a subgroup also may be characterized by positive approach problems and another subgroup by negative approach problems. We conclude with a theorized multiple process developmental model outlining alternate pathways to ADHD that warrant empirical investigation to better resolve etiological heterogeneity in ADHD.

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Authors: Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Nigg, Joel T.
Goldsmith, H. Hill
Venue: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-02
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-53
ISSN: 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
1537-4424
DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_5
OpenAlex: W1971976194
Cited by: 383
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 8.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH44340, R37 MH59785, R01 MH-59105, MH63146, R01MH063146, R01MH059105, R01MH044340)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, temperament, effortful control, emotion regulation, approach behavior, anger, antisocial behavior, executive function, personality traits, etiologic heterogeneity, child development
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anger, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Models, Psychological, Personality Development, Risk Factors, Temperament

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Temperament and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Development of a Multiple Pathway Model

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