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Cited by 180Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderFunctional Brain Connectivity StudiesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Open access
Costa Dias, Taciana G., Wilson, Vanessa B., Bathula, Deepti R., Iyer, Swathi P., Mills, Kathryn L., Thurlow, Bria L., Stevens, Corinne A., Musser, Erica D. +5 more·2013·European Neuropsychopharmacology
DOI 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.015PMC PMC3581744
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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that has poor long-term outcomes and remains a major public health concern. Recent theories have proposed that ADHD arises from alterations in multiple neural pathways. Alterations in reward circuits are hypothesized as one core dysfunction, leading to altered processing of anticipated rewards. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is particularly important for reward processes; task-based fMRI studies have found atypical activation of this region while the participants performed a reward task. Understanding how reward circuits are involved with ADHD may be further enhanced by considering how the NAcc interacts with other brain regions. Here we used the technique of resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) to examine the alterations in the NAcc interactions and how they relate to impulsive decision making in ADHD. Using rs-fcMRI, this study: examined differences in functional connectivity of the NAcc between children with ADHD and control children; correlated the functional connectivity of NAcc with impulsivity, as measured by a delay discounting task; and combined these two initial segments to identify the atypical NAcc connections that were associated with impulsive decision making in ADHD. We found that functional connectivity of NAcc was atypical in children with ADHD and the ADHD-related increased connectivity between NAcc and the prefrontal cortex was associated with greater impulsivity (steeper delayed-reward discounting). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that atypical signaling of the NAcc to the prefrontal cortex in ADHD may lead to excessive approach and failure in estimating future consequences; thus, leading to impulsive behavior.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.015

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 38 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Controls have stronger negative resting-state connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and a region on the left middle frontal gyrus near the precentral sulcus than children with ADHD combined type.

    “Controls displayed stronger negative connectivity to a region on the left middle frontal gyrus, near the precentral sulcus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Children with ADHD combined type have stronger negative resting-state connections between the nucleus accumbens and thalamus, right inferior parietal lobule (precentral gyrus), and posterior insula bilaterally than controls.

    “The ADHD-C group displayed stronger negative connections to the thalamus, to the right inferior parietal lobule (precentral gyrus) and to the posterior insula bilaterally.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The ADHD-related increase in connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex is associated with greater impulsivity, indexed by steeper delayed-reward discounting.

    “the ADHD-related increased connectivity between NAcc and the prefrontal cortex was associated with greater impulsivity (steeper delayed-reward discounting).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Children with ADHD combined type have stronger resting-state connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and portions of prefrontal cortex, specifically left anterior prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, than controls.

    “In ADHD-C, the connection between NAcc and portions of the prefrontal cortex was stronger than in controls (i.e. left anterior prefrontal cortex and vmPFC), as evidenced on the between-group difference map (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In children with ADHD, resting-state functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens is atypical compared with typically developing children.

    “We found that functional connectivity of NAcc was atypical in children with ADHD”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the correlation sample, children with and without ADHD did not differ significantly on delay discounting (ln(k)) without adjustment, but differed significantly when adjusting for age (p = 0.015).

    “ln(k) was not different when comparing controls and children with ADHD, but when adjusting for age, the difference was statistically significant (p value = 0.015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both children with ADHD and controls, the nucleus accumbens shows significant positive resting-state functional connectivity with prefrontal cortex, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and with thalamus.

    “In both groups, a significant positive functional connectivity was observed between NAcc and: prefrontal cortex (e.g., ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC]) and thalamus, as previously reported in adults (Di Martino et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Di Martino et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the comparison sample, children with ADHD combined type and controls did not differ significantly on delay discounting (ln(k)) without adjustment, but differed significantly when controlling for age (p = 0.027).

    “The groups did not differ significantly on ln(k); however, when controlling for age, controls and ADHD-C were significantly different in ln(k) (p value = 0.027).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The nucleus accumbens shows strong negative resting-state connectivity with insula and control regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, middle temporal cortex (MT+), and parietal regions.

    “The NAcc also displayed strong negative connectivity with insula and control regions, such as: anterior cingulate cortex, middle temporal cortex (region MT+) and parietal regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Adding covariates reduced the significance of these correlations; only the AUC correlation remained significant after multiple-comparison correction.

    “after adding the additional covariates the statistical significance of these findings decreased, and only the correlation with AUC remained after correcting for multiple comparisons (Supplementary Figure S.7)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The first analysis found that, in children with ADHD, NAcc showed abnormal connectivity with multiple cortical areas, some of which had previously shown atypical spontaneous activity correlations in adults and children with the disorder.

    “in the first section we found that NAcc is atypically connected to several cortical regions in children with ADHD, including regions previously shown to present atypical correlated spontaneous activity in adults and children with the disorder (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010; Mills et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Castellanos et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fair et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Mills et al., 2012 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Additional analyses using area under the empirical discounting curve yielded the same results as the ln(k) analyses.

    “The additional analyses yielded the same results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Functional MRI studies have concluded that the main brain regions recruited during rewarding stimuli include the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens.

    “Functional MRI studies have concluded that the main brain regions recruited while subjects experienced appropriate rewarding stimuli (e.g., money or positive feedback) include the ventral striatum – or NAcc (McClure et al., 2004b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McClure et al., 2004b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Children with ADHD have a steeper discounting gradient than typically developing children, as recently reported by our group, although in that study it was modulated by IQ.

    “Children with ADHD are hypothesized to have a steeper discounting gradient than typically developing children (Sagvolden et al., 2005), which was recently reported by our group (although in that study, modulated by IQ) (Wilson et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sagvolden et al., 2005 source

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    • cites Wilson et al., 2011 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study used Monte Carlo simulation to correct for multiple comparisons in the voxelwise analyses.

    “To account for multiple comparisons, thresholding based on Monte Carlo simulation was implemented (Forman et al., 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Forman et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The study's findings are consistent with the hypothesis that atypical signaling from the nucleus accumbens to prefrontal cortex in ADHD may lead to excessive approach and failure to estimate future consequences, resulting in impulsive behavior.

    “These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that atypical signaling of the NAcc to the prefrontal cortex in ADHD may lead to excessive approach and failure in estimating future consequences; thus, leading to impulsive behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Intelligence was estimated with a reliable and valid three-subtest short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition.

    “Intelligence was estimated with a reliable and valid three-subtest short form (Block Design, Vocabulary, and Information) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (Wechsler, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wechsler, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The nucleus accumbens is particularly important for reward processes.

    “One region that seems to be particularly important for motivational/reward processes is the nucleus accumbens (NAcc)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McClure et al., 2004b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Psychiatric diagnoses were based on structured parent interview, parent and teacher rating scales, and independent clinical review by a child psychiatrist and neuropsychologist.

    “Psychiatric diagnoses were based on evaluations with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-E; (Orvaschel, 1995)) administered to a parent; parent and teacher Conners' Rating Scale-3rd Edition (Conners, 2008), ADHD Rating Scale (DuPaul et al., 1998) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997)”
    • Also stated in: § Participants and measures · plain
      “and a clinical review by a child psychiatrist and a neuropsychologist who had to independently agree on the diagnosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Orvaschel, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Conners, 2008

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    • cites DuPaul et al., 1998

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Movement was low across all subjects.

    “Movement was low across all subjects (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the correlation analysis, the relationship between functional connectivity and delay discounting was adjusted for age and gender.

    “In this section analysis, the correlations between functional connectivity and delay-discounting were adjusted for the effects of age and gender.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Variation in the delay discounting task version did not influence k values or ln(k).

    “Although some subjects took a different version of the delay-discounting task, as outlined above, k values (and ln(k)) are not influenced by this variation, so all the individuals were included wherever possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    At rest, functionally connected brain regions display correlated spontaneous low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations.

    “It is based on the discovery that, at rest, functionally connected brain regions display correlated spontaneous low-frequency (<~0.1 Hz) BOLD signal fluctuations (Biswal et al., 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Biswal et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The correlation analysis corrected for multiple comparisons and used a significance threshold of p<0.05.

    “The results of this approach were corrected for multiple comparisons and statistically significant correlations (p<0.05) are displayed in Figure 2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results align with abnormal NAcc function and point to a link with impulsive decision making as one component phenotype of ADHD.

    “All these findings are consistent with atypical functioning of the NAcc and suggest that it may be linked to a specific behavioral domain (impulsive decision making) as a component phenotype of ADHD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The NAcc is a key brain region for reward processing.
    • Rests on an assumption: Altered reward function is a leading candidate mechanism in ADHD pathophysiology.
    • Rests on an assumption: The NAcc belongs to the reward circuit.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The delay discounting task measures impulsive choice by evaluating intolerance to delay of gratification, which is proposed to be a core dysfunction in ADHD.

    “The task measures impulsive choice by evaluating the intolerance to delay-of-gratification, or delay-discounting, proposed to be a core dysfunction in ADHD (Sagvolden et al., 1998; Sonuga-Barke, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sagvolden et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sonuga-Barke, 2005 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Estimated full-scale IQ was lower in the ADHD group than in the control group.

    “the ADHD group had a lower estimated full-scale IQ than the control group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Distinct brain circuits probably underlie different behavioral domains, and changes in these circuits may correspond to particular impairments.

    “Thus, it is likely that different brain circuits are involved in their neurobiology, and alterations in these circuits may, to some extent, relate to specific behavioral impairments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: ADHD is complex and includes multiple behavioral domains: impulsivity, inattention, hyperactivity, emotional regulation, and executive dysfunction.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Alterations in these domains can occur alone or in combinations and at varying magnitudes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Preprocessing steps for connectivity analysis aim to reduce spurious variance unlikely to reflect neuronal activity.

    “These preprocessing steps aim to reduce spurious variance unlikely to reflect neuronal activity (Fox and Raichle, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fox and Raichle, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The abnormal NAcc-thalamus connectivity in ADHD may indicate thalamic involvement in atypical reward processing and suggest integration of cognitive and reward processes.

    “The findings of atypical connectivity of this region with the NAcc in the ADHD group might indicate the involvement of the thalamus with atypical reward processes as well, and also suggest an integration between cognitive and reward processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The NAcc is a key brain region for reward processing.
    • Rests on an assumption: The NAcc belongs to the reward circuit.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Resting-state functional connectivity MRI assesses spontaneous intrinsic correlated BOLD activity while subjects are not performing a specific task.

    “Rs-fcMRI assesses spontaneous intrinsic correlated blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity while subjects are not performing a specific task (Biswal et al., 1995; Fair et al., 2007; Fox and Raichle, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Biswal et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fair et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fox and Raichle, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Including multiple etiologically distinct subgroups as a unitary sample is likely to produce muted effects and could explain why large genetic and behavioral studies often show only modest effect sizes and why neuroimaging studies yield difficult-to-replicate effects.

    “Including multiple etiologically distinct subgroups as a unitary sample in any study is likely to produce muted effects and could be why only modest effect sizes are often seen for large genetic and behavioral studies, and why neuroimaging studies yield difficult to replicate effects (Hyman, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hyman, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Both the ADHD and control groups had IQ scores at or above average.

    “One limitation to be discussed is that the ADHD and control groups both had average or higher IQ scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The proportion of male and female participants differed between the ADHD combined type and control groups in the comparison analysis.

    “but the proportion of male and female participants was different, as expected, since ADHD is more common among males.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resting-state functional connectivity MRI has been used to study brain functional connectivity in ADHD, but studies focusing on cortical-subcortical connections remain infrequent.

    “Rs-fcMRI has been used to study brain functional connectivity in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010), but studies focusing on cortical-subcortical connections remain infrequent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Castellanos et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fair et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    How far the results extend to a wider or lower-functioning ADHD population remains uncertain.

    “it leaves unclear the extent to which the findings would generalize to a broader or lower functioning ADHD group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the correlation sample, age and estimated IQ were significantly different between control and ADHD groups, and the proportion of male and female participants differed between groups.

    “Age and estimated IQ were again significantly different between control and ADHD groups, and proportion of male and female participants was different between groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The method helped address heterogeneity but still cannot identify subgroups of children by connectivity or behavior.

    “The approach presented in this study proved to be a helpful instrument to overcome the limitation of heterogeneity, however, it remains unable to identify subgroups of children based on connectivity or behavioral profile.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: ADHD is heterogeneous.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    FIRST is a method for automatic segmentation of subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens, in human brain MRI.

    “FIRST is a method to do automatic segmentation of subcortical structures, including NAcc, in human brain MRI (Patenaude et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Patenaude et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results indicate a link between internal processes and NAcc activity, supporting the notion that disrupted reward signaling from NAcc to prefrontal cortex in ADHD contributes to poor future-consequence estimation and impulsivity.

    “These findings suggest an association between internal processes and NAcc functioning, consistent with the idea that altered signaling of rewards from the NAcc to the prefrontal cortex in ADHD would lead to impairment in estimating future consequences and impulsivity (Nigg and Casey, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nigg and Casey, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The NAcc is a key brain region for reward processing.
    • Rests on an assumption: Altered reward function is a leading candidate mechanism in ADHD pathophysiology.
    • Rests on an assumption: The NAcc belongs to the reward circuit.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Identification of unsystematic data was performed as described in Johnson and Bickel (2008).

    “Identification of unsystematic data was performed as described in Johnson and Bickel (2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Johnson and Bickel (2008)

      Not checked in the free run.

36 of 36

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ADHD combined type group is expected to have greater impairment in reward processing than other ADHD subtypes.

    “Only combined-type ADHD (ADHD-C) participants were included in the direct comparison, because, given the theorized association between reward processing impairment and impulsive symptoms, the ADHD-C group is expected to present greater impairment in reward processing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The nucleus accumbens has been relatively under-researched in ADHD despite strong theoretical interest in motivational/reward processes.

    “One region that seems to be particularly important for motivational/reward processes is the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which has been relatively under-researched in ADHD, despite strong theoretical interest in the involvement of motivational/reward processes in the disorder.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Studies focusing on cortical-subcortical connections in ADHD remain infrequent.

    “Rs-fcMRI has been used to study brain functional connectivity in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010), but studies focusing on cortical-subcortical connections remain infrequent.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The NAcc is a key brain region for reward processing.

    “The nucleus accumbens has been recognized as a key neural region involved in reward processes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Altered reward function is a leading candidate mechanism in ADHD pathophysiology.

    “Because alterations in reward functioning are a major candidate for one of the pathophysiolgical mechanisms in ADHD”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The NAcc belongs to the reward circuit.

    “Because the NAcc is part of the reward circuit”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ADHD is heterogeneous.

    “since ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    ADHD is complex and includes multiple behavioral domains: impulsivity, inattention, hyperactivity, emotional regulation, and executive dysfunction.

    “Our study was premised on the view that ADHD is complex, with multiple behavioral domains being part of its characterization (impulsivity, inattention, hyperactivity, emotional regulation, and executive dysfunctions).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Alterations in these domains can occur alone or in combinations and at varying magnitudes.

    “Presumably, alterations in these domains can happen alone or in complex combinations, and in various magnitudes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Delay discounting is a trans-diagnostic phenotype.

    “Because reward discounting is a trans-diagnostic phenotype (related to ADHD but not specifically so)”
10 of 10

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Two groups reported in ADHD both increased functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex and decreased connectivity between these regions and cortical attentional control regions.

    “By examining brain activity at rest, two groups have reported in ADHD both increased functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex and decreased connectivity between these regions and cortical attentional control regions (106, 107).”

    From Emotion Dysregulation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [107]

    The Results (Section 1: Direct comparison) report stronger resting-state connectivity between the nucleus accumbens, a ventral striatal region, and the vmPFC in children with ADHD-C. They also report weaker negative connectivity with a left middle frontal control region, but stronger negative connectivity with a right parietal control region. Thus, the source does not support a general decrease in connectivity with cortical attentional-control regions; its comparison was limited to children with ADHD-C. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Costa Dias, T. G., Wilson, V. B., Bathula, D. R., Iyer, S. P., Mills, K. L., Thurlow, B. L., Stevens, C. A., Musser, E. D., Carpenter, S. D., Grayson, D. S., Mitchell, S. H., Nigg, J. T., & Fair, D. A.
Affiliations
  • Oregon Health & Science University (US)
  • Indian Institute of Technology Ropar (IN)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Corresponding author
Fair, Damien A.
ORCID
Venue
European Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-01
Volume
23
Issue
1
Pages
33-45
ISSN
0924-977X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.015
PMC
PMC3581744
OpenAlex
W2029682831
Semantic Scholar
c8a3dad9323d23705c29ebd2e42d36b3bb3a08d7
Cited by
180
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12
FWCI
11.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Center for Research Resources (UL1 RR024140)
  • Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute
  • Medical Research Foundation
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delay discounting, reward systems, nucleus accumbens, resting-state functional connectivity, impulsivity, prefrontal cortex, children, impulsive decision-making
MeSH terms
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Nucleus Accumbens, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reward, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Signal Transduction, Up-Regulation, Functional Neuroimaging

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