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Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome: A Guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work is to provide updated guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of girls and women with Turner syndrome (TS). PARTICIPANTS: The Turner Syndrome Consensus Study Group is a multidisciplinary panel of experts with relevant clinical and research experience with TS that met in Bethesda, Maryland, April 2006. The meeting was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and unrestricted educational grants from pharmaceutical companies. EVIDENCE: The study group used peer-reviewed published information to form its principal recommendations. Expert opinion was used where good evidence was lacking. CONSENSUS: The study group met for 3 d to discuss key issues. Breakout groups focused on genetic, cardiological, auxological, psychological, gynecological, and general medical concerns and drafted recommendations for presentation to the whole group. Draft reports were available for additional comment on the meeting web site. Synthesis of the section reports and final revisions were reviewed by e-mail and approved by whole-group consensus. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that parents receiving a prenatal diagnosis of TS be advised of the broad phenotypic spectrum and the good quality of life observed in TS in recent years. We recommend that magnetic resonance angiography be used in addition to echocardiography to evaluate the cardiovascular system and suggest that patients with defined cardiovascular defects be cautioned in regard to pregnancy and certain types of exercise. We recommend that puberty should not be delayed to promote statural growth. We suggest a comprehensive educational evaluation in early childhood to identify potential attention-deficit or nonverbal learning disorders. We suggest that caregivers address the prospect of premature ovarian failure in an open and sensitive manner and emphasize the critical importance of estrogen treatment for feminization and for bone health during the adult years. All individuals with TS require continued monitoring of hearing and thyroid function throughout the lifespan. We suggest that adults with TS be monitored for aortic enlargement, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
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“Previous guidelines have already addressed this, but numerous important advances have been noted since their publication.1-3”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“CHD occurs in approximately half of individuals with TS, including BAV, aortic coarctation, and an arteriopathy that can lead to rare but often fatal aortic dissections.”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Depending on the age and the imaging technique used, the prevalence of CHD in TS ranges from 40%-60%, most commonly left-sided obstructive lesions such as BAV and coarctation (Table 11).3,356,385-388”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
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Reiter, E. O., Blethen, S. L., Baptista, J., & Price, L. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7466 · Cited by 91
Ankarberg‐Lindgren, C. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3039 · Cited by 91
Nocturnal hypertension and impaired sympathovagal tone in Turner syndrome
Gravholt, C. H., Hansen, K. W., Erlandsen, M., Ebbehøj, E., & Christiansen, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000200509.17947.0f · Cited by 90
Monosomy for the X-Chromosome Is Associated with an Atherogenic Lipid Profile
Van, P. L., Bakalov, V. K., & Bondy, C. A. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0503 · Cited by 89
Self-citationBechtold, S. M., Rauch, F., Noelle, V., Donhauser, S., Neu, C. M., Schöenau, E., & Schwarz, H. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8063 · Cited by 88
Bone mineral density and fractures in Turner syndrome
Bakalov, V. K., Chen, M. L., Baron, J., Hanton, L., Reynolds, J. C., Stratakis, C. A., Axelrod, L., & Bondy, C. A. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00364-4 · Cited by 87
Self-citationMONOSOMY X: A CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH YOUNG MATERNAL AGE
Warburton, D., Kline, J. K., STEIN, Z. A., & Susser, M. W. (1980) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(80)90658-3 · Cited by 87
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Self-Esteem and Behavior in Girls with Turner Syndrome
McCauley, E., ROSS, J. L., Kushner, H., & Cutler, G. B. (1995) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199504000-00003 · Cited by 86
Völkl, T. M. K., Degenhardt, K., Koch, A., Simm, D., Dörr, H. G., & Singer, H. (2005) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960280209 · Cited by 86
Mazzocco, M. M. M., Bhatia, N. S., & Lesniak-Karpiak, K. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040500266951 · Cited by 86
Bronshtein, M., Zimmer, E. Z., & Blazer, S. (2003) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2003.230 · Cited by 82
Mathematics learning disability in girls with Turner syndrome or fragile X syndrome
Murphy, M. M., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Gerner, G. J., & Henry, A. E. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.12.014 · Cited by 82
The influence of renal and cardiovascular abnormalities on blood pressure in Turner syndrome
Nathwani, Unwin, Brook, & Hindmarsh (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00961.x · Cited by 80
Current and lifetime psychiatric illness in women with Turner syndrome
Cardoso, G., Daly, R. J., Haq, N., Hanton, L., Rubinow, D. R., Bondy, C. A., & Schmidt, P. J. (2004) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590400021227 · Cited by 80
Self-citationUse of Percutaneous Estrogen Gel for Induction of Puberty in Girls with Turner Syndrome
Piippo, S., Lenko, H. L., Kainulainen, P., & Sipilä, I. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032069 · Cited by 79
Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XX mosaicism and 45,X: implications for postnatal outcome.
Koeberl, D. D., McGillivray, B. C., & Sybert, V. P. (1995) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 78
Sas, T., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Stijnen, T., Aanstoot, H., & Drop, S. L. S. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6334 · Cited by 78
Frequency of renal malformations in Turner syndrome: analysis of 82 Turkish children
Bilge, I., Kayserili, H., Emre, S., Nayir, A., Sirin, A., Tukel, T., Bas, F., Kilic, G., Basaran, S., Gunoz, H., et al. (2000) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s004670000315 · Cited by 77
Bakalov, V. K., Axelrod, L., Baron, J., Hanton, L., Nelson, L. M., Reynolds, J. C., Hill, S. C., Troendle, J. F., & Bondy, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030913 · Cited by 76
Self-citationGravholt, C. H., Næraa, R. W., Fisker, S., & Christiansen, J. S. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.8.4127 · Cited by 76
Structural and functional abnormalities of large arteries in the Turner syndrome
Baguet, J.-P., Douchin, S., Pierre, H., Rossignol, A.-M., Bost, M., & Mallion, J.-M. (2005) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.048371 · Cited by 72
Nishi, M. Y., Domenice, S., de Medeiros, M. A., Mendonca, B. B., & Billerbeck, A. E. C. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.10168 · Cited by 72
Growth Hormone Treatment and Aortic Dimensions in Turner Syndrome
Bondy, C. A., Van, P. L., Bakalov, V. K., & Ho, V. B. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2625 · Cited by 72
Self-citationOtologic Disease in Turner Syndrome
Dhooge, I. J. M., Vel, E. F. J. D., Verhoye, C., Lemmerling, M. M., & Vinck, B. (2005) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/00129492-200503000-00003 · Cited by 69
Web neck anomaly and its association with congenital heart disease
Berdahl, L. D., Wenstrom, K. D., & Hanson, J. W. (1995) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320560318 · Cited by 69
The Importance of Estrogen Replacement in Young Women with Turner Syndrome
Hanton, L., Axelrod, L., Bakalov, V. K., & Bondy, C. A. (2003) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/154099903322643893 · Cited by 68
Self-citationShort Communication: Spontaneous Pregnancies in a Turner Syndrome Woman with Y-Chromosome Mosaicism
Landin‐Wilhelmsen, K., Bryman, I., Hanson, C., & Hanson, L. Å. (2004) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:jarg.0000040239.40913.c3 · Cited by 66
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Ear and Hearing Problems in Turner's Syndrome
Hultcrantz, M. (2003) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.1080/00016480310001097 · Cited by 64
Stahnke, N., Keller, E., Landy, H., & Serono Study Group (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2002.15.2.129 · Cited by 59
Parental decisions following the prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities
Hamamy, H., & Dahoun, S. P. (2004) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2003.12.029 · Cited by 56
Prolongation of the cardiac QTc interval in Turner syndrome
Bondy, C. A., Van, P. L., Bakalov, V. K., Sachdev, V., Malone, C. A., Ho, V. B., & Rosing, D. R. (2006) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.md.0000205629.16302.bc · Cited by 55
Self-citationReiter, E. O. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.1936 · Cited by 55
Ophthalmic features of Turner's syndrome
Denniston, A. K., & Butler, L. (2004) · Eye · doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701323 · Cited by 54
Sas, T., Cromme-Dijkhuis, A. H., Keizer-Schrama, S. M. D. M., Stijnen, T., van Teunenbroek, A., & Drop, S. L. S. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70170-8 · Cited by 53
Pasquino, A. M., Pucarelli, I., Segni, M., Tarani, L., Calcaterra, V., & Larizza, D. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347202 · Cited by 53
van Pareren, Y. K., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Slijper, F. M. E., Koot, H. M., Drop, S. L. S., & Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M. (2005) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000085841 · Cited by 52
Heart disease in Turner's syndrome.
Mazzanti, L., Prandstraller, D., Tassinari, D., Rubino, I., Santucci, S., Picchio, F. M., Forabosco, A., & CACCIARI, E. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 50
Lipid Profiles in Women With 45,X vs 46,XX Primary Ovarian Failure
Cooley, M. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.16.2127 · Cited by 50
The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Monitoring in Growth Hormone-Treated Children
Park, P., & Cohen, P. (2004) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000080760 · Cited by 50
Increased prevalence of scoliosis in Turner syndrome
Kim, J. Y., Rosenfeld, S. R., & Keyak, J. H. (2001) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/01241398-200111000-00012 · Cited by 49
van den Berg, J., Bannink, E. M. N., Wielopolski, P. A., Pattynama, P. M. T., Keizer-Schrama, S. M. D. M., & Helbing, W. A. (2006) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.058 · Cited by 48
Sas, T., Keizer-Schrama, S. M. D. M., Stijnen, T., Asarfi, A., van Leeuwen, W. J., van Teunenbroek, A., van Rijn, R. R., Drop, S. L. S., & the Dutch Advisory group on Growth Hormone (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00963.x · Cited by 48
Lymphedema as a Postulated Cause of Cutis Verticis Gyrata in Turner Syndrome
Larralde, M., Gardner, S., Torrado, M., Fernhoff, P. M., Munoz, A. S., Spraker, M. K., & Sybert, V. (1998) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015018.x · Cited by 45
Salivary gland disorders and heredity
Wiedemann, H. ‐. (1997) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970120)68:2 · Cited by 45
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Influence of genetic and environmental factors on melanocytic naevi: a lesson from Turner's syndrome
Zvulunov, Wyatt, Laud, & Esterly, J. R. (1998) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02265.x · Cited by 42
Radiological Signs of Leri-Weill Dyschondrosteosis in Turner Syndrome
Binder, G., Fritsch, H., Schweizer, R., & Ranke, M. B. (2001) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000049973 · Cited by 42
Phenotype and X inactivation in 45,X/46,X,r(X) cases
Leppig, K. A., Sybert, V. P., ROSS, J. L., Cunniff, C. M., Trejo, T., Raskind, W. H., & Distèche, C. M. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30002 · Cited by 42
Aortic dilatation in Turner syndrome: the role of MRI in early recognition
Chalard, F., Ferey, S., Teinturier, C., & Kalifa, G. (2005) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-004-1359-5 · Cited by 40
Crown components of mandibular molar teeth in 45,X females (Turner syndrome)
Zilberman, U., Smith, P., & Alvesalo, L. J. (2000) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0003-9969(99)00130-2 · Cited by 37
Orthodontic treatment for patients with Turner syndrome
Russell, K. (2001) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1067/mod.2001.115719 · Cited by 35
Becker, A., Meidert, A., D�hlemann, C., Schwarz, H. P., Bechtold, S. M., & Pozza, R. D. (2004) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-003-1384-7 · Cited by 35
Cardiac Performance in Turner’s Syndrome Patients on Growth Hormone Therapy
Radetti, G., Crepaz, R., Milanesi, O., Paganini, C., Cesaro, A., Rigon, F., & Pitscheider, W. (2001) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000050003 · Cited by 33
Deficient Medical Care for Adults with the Turner Syndrome
Bondy, C. A., Bakalov, V. K., Lange, E., & Ceniceros, I. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-11-200612050-00020 · Cited by 33
Self-citationKyphosis in a Turner Syndrome Population
Elder, D. A., Roper, M. G., Henderson, R. C., & Davenport, M. L. (2002) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.109.6.e93 · Cited by 33
Hall, S. L., Abramsky, L., & Marteau, T. M. (2003) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.637 · Cited by 32
Shape of the craniofacial complex in children with Turner syndrome.
Rongen‐Westerlaken, C., vd Born, E., Prahl‐Andersen, B., Rikken, B., Teunenbroek, Kamminga, N., van der Tweel, I., Bj, O., de Waal, H. A. D., & Nm, D. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 32
Medical problems in adult women with Turner's syndrome
Elsheikh, M., Conway, G. S., & Wass, J. A. H. (1999) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899908998784 · Cited by 32
Partial abnormal pulmonary venous return in Turner syndrome
van Wassenaer, A. G., Lubbers, L. J., & Losekoot, G. (1988) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf00445912 · Cited by 28
Occlusal morphology in Turner syndrome
Midtbø, M., & Halse, A. (1996) · European Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1093/ejo/18.2.103 · Cited by 27
Boechat, M. I., Westra, S. J., & Lippe, B. (1996) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/bf01403702 · Cited by 26
Castro, A. V., Okoshi, K., Ribeiro, S. M., Barbosa, M. F., Mattos, P. F., Pagliare, L., Figueiredo, N. B., Rodrigueiro, D. A., & Haddad, A. L. M. (2002) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2002000100005 · Cited by 25
Turner Syndrome and Multiple-Marker Screening
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The Quality of Life of Turner Women in Comparison with Grown-Up GH-Deficient Women.
Okada, Y. (1994) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.41.345 · Cited by 22
Renal malformations in children with Turner's syndrome.
Chang, P., Tsau, Y., Tsai, W., Tsai, W. S., Hou, J. W., Hsiao, P. H., & Lee, J. S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Occlusal morphology in Turner syndrome
Midtbø, M., & Halse, A. (1996) · European Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1093/ejo/18.1.103 · Cited by 19
Growth Hormone Therapy for Turner Syndrome: Evidence for Benefit
Carel, J., Mathivon, L., Gendrel, C., & Chaussain, J. (2009) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000191326 · Cited by 18
Detection of Turner Syndrome Using High-Throughput Quantitative Genotyping
Meng, H., Hager, K. M., Rivkees, S. A., & Gruen, J. R. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0544 · Cited by 18
Factors Predictive of Response to Growth Hormone Therapy in Turner's Syndrome
Hofman, P. L., Cutfield, W. S., Robinson, E. M., Clavano‐Harding, A. B., Ambler, G. R., & Cowell, C. T. (1997) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.1997.10.1.27 · Cited by 18
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Declining Estrogen Use in Young Women With Turner Syndrome
Bondy, C. A., Ceniceros, I., Lange, E., & Bakalov, V. K. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.12.1322-a · Cited by 16
Self-citationLymphedema as a Postulated Cause of Cutis Verticis Gyrata in Turner Syndrome
Larralde, M., Gardner, S. S., Torrado, M., et al. (1998) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.1998.tb01262.x · Cited by 15
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Use of Percutaneous Estrogen Gel for Induction of Puberty in Girls With Turner Syndrome
Piippo, K. S., Lenko, H. L., Kainulainen, P., & Sipil�, I. (2005) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000151670.23897.1e · Cited by 10
Web-neck anomaly and its association with congenital heart disease
Wenstrom, K. D., Berdahl, L. D., & Hanson, J. W. (1996) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320640405 · Cited by 3
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WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Hiratzka, L. F., Bakris, G. L., Beckman, J. A., Bersin, R. M., Carr, V. F., Casey, D. E., Eagle, K. A., Hermann, L. K., Isselbacher, E. M., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d4739e · Cited by 2,346
Hiratzka, L. F., Bakris, G. L., Beckman, J. A., Bersin, R. M., Carr, V. F., Casey, D. E., Eagle, K. A., Hermann, L. K., Isselbacher, E. M., Kazerooni, E. A., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.015 · Cited by 1,700
ESHRE Guideline: management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency
The ESHRE Guideline Group on POI, Webber, L. J., Davies, M. C., Anderson, R. A., Bartlett, J., Braat, D. D. M., Cartwright, B., Cífková, R., Keizer‐Schrama, S. D. M., Hogervorst, E., et al. (2016) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dew027 · Cited by 1,603
Gravholt, C. H., Andersen, N. H., Conway, G. S., Dekkers, O. M., Geffner, M. E., Klein, K. O., Lin, A. E., Mauras, N., Quigley, C. A., Rubin, K., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0430 · Cited by 1,101
Hiratzka, L. F., Bakris, G. L., Beckman, J. A., Bersin, R. M., Carr, V. F., Casey, D. E., Eagle, K. A., Hermann, L. K., Isselbacher, E. M., Kazerooni, E. A., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d47d48 · Cited by 984
Metadata
- Authors
- Bondy, C. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bondy, Carolyn A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-25
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2166383227
- Cited by
- 1,005
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 21.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Aarhus Universitet
- Aarhus Universitetshospital
- University of Connecticut
- University of Washington
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- Thomas Jefferson University
- University of South Florida
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Karolinska Institutet
- Novo Nordisk
- Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset
- National Institutes of Health
- Genentech
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
- Keywords
- Turner syndrome, clinical management guidelines, cardiovascular evaluation, magnetic resonance angiography, delayed puberty, statural growth, attention deficit disorder, nonverbal learning disabilities, premature ovarian failure, estrogen therapy, bone health, auditory monitoring, thyroid function monitoring, aortic dilatation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bone and Bones, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Cognition, Female, Fertility, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Liver Diseases, Prenatal Diagnosis, Puberty, Turner Syndrome, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Neonatal Screening
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