Prevalence and Incidence of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in the United States: A Comprehensive Review
Open accessAbstract
Context: There has not been a comprehensive compilation of data regarding the epidemiology of all endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States. Evidence Acquisition: We included 54 disorders with clinical and public health significance. We identified population-based studies that provided U.S. prevalence and/or incidence data by searching PubMed in December 2007 for English-language reports, hand-searching reference lists of six textbooks of endocrinology, obtaining additional resources from identified experts in each subspecialty, and searching epidemiological databases and web sites of relevant organizations. When available, we selected articles with data from 1998 or later. Otherwise, we selected the article with the most recent data, broadest geographical coverage, and most stratifications by sex, ethnicity, and/or age. Ultimately, we abstracted data from 70 articles and 40 cohorts. Evidence Synthesis: Endocrine disorders with U.S. prevalence estimates of at least 5% in adults included diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, osteopenia, mild-moderate hypovitaminosis D, erectile dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and thyroiditis. Erectile dysfunction and osteopenia/osteoporosis had the highest incidence in males and females, respectively. The least prevalent conditions, affecting less than 1% of the U.S. population, were diabetes mellitus in children and pituitary adenoma. Conditions with the lowest incidence were adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and pituitary adenomas. Certain disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism and thyroid disorders, were more common in females. As expected, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was highest among ethnic minorities. Sparse data were available on pituitary, adrenal, and gonadal disorders. Conclusions: The current review shows high prevalence and incidence of common endocrine and metabolic disorders. Defining the epidemiology of these conditions will provide clues to risk factors and identify areas to allocate public health and research resources.
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The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in the U.S. was 26% and 17%, respectively.
“A summary of the medical literature describing U.S. population-based data on the incidence of 54 endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States found that the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was 26% and 17%, respectively (202).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [202]
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- Authors
- Golden, S. H., Robinson, K. A., Saldanha, I., Anton, B., & Ladenson, P. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1853-1878
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC5393375
- OpenAlex
- W2159788755
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- University of Southern California
- Northwestern University
- Harvard University
- University of Minnesota
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- University of Cincinnati
- Case Western Reserve University
- Dartmouth College
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Genentech
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of California, San Francisco
- Feinberg School of Medicine
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK079637)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, prevalence, incidence, diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, osteopenia, vitamin D deficiency, erectile dysfunction, dyslipidemia, thyroiditis, pituitary adenoma, pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism, ethnic minorities, sex differences, United States
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, United States, Incidence, Prevalence, Age Distribution
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