Adrenocortical carcinoma: a clinician’s update

Fassnacht, Martin; Libé, Rossella; Kroiss, Matthias; Allolio, Bruno

doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.235

Cited by 396Adrenal and Paraganglionic TumorsNeuroendocrine Tumor Research AdvancesAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Adrenocortical carcinoma: a clinician’s update

Fassnacht, Martin, Libé, Rossella, Kroiss, Matthias, Allolio, Bruno·2011·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2010.235

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Abstract

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare heterogeneous neoplasm with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and a poor prognosis. Previous studies have identified overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and constitutive activation of β-catenin as key factors involved in the development of adrenocortical carcinoma. Most patients present with steroid hormone excess, for example Cushing syndrome or virilization, or abdominal mass effects, but a growing proportion of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (currently >15%) is initially diagnosed incidentally. No general consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic measures for adrenocortical carcinoma exists, but collaborative efforts, such as international conferences and networks, including the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT), have substantially advanced the field. In patients with suspected adrenocortical carcinoma, a thorough endocrine and imaging work-up is recommended to guide the surgical approach aimed at complete resection of the tumor. To establish an adequate basis for treatment decisions, pathology reports include the Weiss score to assess malignancy, the resection status and the Ki67 index. As recurrence is frequent, close follow-up initially every 3 months is mandatory. Most patients benefit from adjuvant mitotane treatment. In metastatic disease, mitotane is the cornerstone of initial treatment, and cytotoxic drugs should be added in case of progression. Results of a large phase III trial in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma are anticipated for 2011 and will hopefully establish a benchmark therapy. New targeted therapies, for example, IGF-1 receptor inhibitors, are under investigation and may soon improve current treatment options.

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“Although benign cortisol-secreting adenomas may very rarely produce androgens (286), elevated sex steroids are highly suspicious for ACC and urgent diagnostic evaluation is required (287-289).”
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Improved Survival in Patients with Stage II Adrenocortical Carcinoma Followed Up Prospectively by Specialized Centers
Faßnacht, M., Johanssen, S., Fenske, W., Weismann, D., Agha, A., Beuschlein, F., Führer, D., Jurowich, C. F., Quinkler, M. O., Petersenn, S., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0803 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Mitotane for adrenocortical carcinoma treatment.
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Frequent mutations of β‐catenin gene in sporadic secreting adrenocortical adenomas*
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Founder effect for the highly prevalent R337H mutation of tumor suppressor p53 in Brazilian patients with adrenocortical tumors
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Treatment of Advanced Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Erlotinib plus Gemcitabine
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Minireview: Transcriptional Regulation of Adrenocortical Development
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Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Adrenocortical Tumors
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Immunohistochemistry of a proliferation marker Ki67/MIB1 in adrenocortical carcinomas: Ki67/MIB1 labeling index is a predictor for recurrence of adrenocortical carcinomas
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Comparison of Delayed Enhanced CT and Chemical Shift MR for Evaluating Hyperattenuating Incidental Adrenal Masses1
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Mifepristone (RU 486) in Cushing's syndrome.
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Bevacizumab plus capecitabine as a salvage therapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma
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Adrenocortical carcinoma: is the surgical approach a risk factor of peritoneal carcinomatosis?
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Adjuvant and definitive radiotherapy for adrenocortical carcinoma
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Somatic TP53 Mutations Are Relatively Rare among Adrenocortical Cancers with the Frequent 17p13 Loss of Heterozygosity
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Autocrine role of IGF-II in proliferation of human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI H295R cell line
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New targets and therapeutic approaches for endocrine malignancies☆
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ACTH-receptor expression, regulation and role in adrenocortial tumor formation
Beuschlein, F., Faßnacht, M., Klink, A., Allolio, B., & Reincke, M. (2001) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1440199 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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Characterization of Adrenal Masses Using Unenhanced CT: An Analysis of the CT Literature
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How accurate is MR imaging in characterisation of adrenal masses: update of a long-term study
Hönigschnabl, S., Gallo, S., Niederle, B., Prager, G., Kaserer, K., Lechner, G. L., & Heinz‐Peer, G. (2002) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(01)00443-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical assessment of Ki-67 in the differential diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors
Terzolo, M., Boccuzzi, A., Bovio, S., Cappia, S., Giuli, P. D., Alı̀, A., Paccotti, P., Porpiglia, F., Fontana, D., & Angeli, A. (2001) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00852-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
[123I]Iodometomidate for molecular imaging of adrenocortical cytochrome P450 family 11B enzymes
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Inhibition of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cell Proliferation by Steroidogenic Factor-1 Inverse Agonists
Doghman, M., Cazareth, J., Douguet, D., Madoux, F., Hodder, P., & Lalli, E. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2163 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Glucose transporter GLUT1 expression is an stage-independent predictor of clinical outcome in adrenocortical carcinoma
Fenske, W., Völker, H., Adam, P., Hahner, S., Johanssen, S., Wortmann, S., Schmidt, M., Morcos, M., Müller–Hermelink, H., Allolio, B., et al. (2009) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-08-0211 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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Adrenocortical Carcinoma - Improving Patient Care by Establishing New Structures
Koschker, A., Faßnacht, M., Hahner, S., Weismann, D., & Allolio, B. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-2006-923808 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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Fine-needle aspiration cytology of adrenal masses in noncancer patients
Lumachi, F., Borsato, S., Brandes, A. A., Boccagni, P., Tregnaghi, A., Angelini, F., & Favia, G. (2001) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.9047 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Steroidogenic Factor 1 Overexpression and Gene Amplification Are More Frequent in Adrenocortical Tumors from Children than from Adults
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Recurrent or Metastatic Disease in Select Patients With Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Aggressive Resection vs Chemotherapy
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High diagnostic accuracy of adrenal core biopsy: Results of the German and Austrian adrenal network multicenter trial in 220 consecutive patients
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Adrenocortical carcinoma
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Angiogenesis in Human Normal and Pathologic Adrenal Cortex
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Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Hypoglycemia: Evidence for Production of Nonsuppressible Insulin-Like Activity by the Tumor
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Meta-analysis of adrenocortical tumour genomics data: novel pathogenic pathways revealed
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Minireview: Steroidogenic Factor 1: Its Roles in Differentiation, Development, and Disease
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Usefulness of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-3 and TIMP-2 serum level evaluation in patients with adrenal tumours.
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Adjuvant Mitotane for Adrenocortical Cancer—A Recurring Controversy
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Expression of excision repair cross complementing group 1 and prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
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Adrenal adenomas in a patient with Gardner's syndrome
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Prognostic markers of survival after combined mitotane- and platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma
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Fine tuning of adrenocortical functions by locally produced growth factors
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Mortality rate of adrenocortical tumors in children under 15 years of age in Curitiba, Brazil
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Pre-B-Cell Transcription Factor 1 and Steroidogenic Factor 1 Synergistically Regulate Adrenocortical Growth and Steroidogenesis
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New mechanisms of adrenostatic compounds in a human adrenocortical cancer cell line
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Matrix metalloproteinase type 2 expression in malignant adrenocortical tumors: diagnostic and prognostic significance in a series of 50 adrenocortical carcinomas
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What is the best approach to an apparently nonmetastatic adrenocortical carcinoma?
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Imaging of adrenal masses
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Response to radiation therapy in adrenocortical carcinoma
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Transforming Growth Factor ß1: An Autocrine Regulator of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis
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Phase I study of intermittent dosing of OSI-906, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF- 1R) and insulin receptor (IR) in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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“Radiofrequency ablation is an alternative for selected metastases”
Background
Adjuvant Mitotane for Adrenocortical Cancer—Working through Uncertainty
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Impact of surgery on clinical outcome in patients with recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma
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Untitled work
Venkatesh (1989) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3
Untitled work
Wooten (1993) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19931201)72:11
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Wajchenberg (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000215)88:4

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Adrenal incidentaloma
Sherlock, M., Scarsbrook, A., Abbas, A., Fraser, S., Limumpornpetch, P., Dineen, R., & Stewart, P. M. (2020) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa008 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Although benign cortisolsecreting adenomas may very rarely produce androgens (286), elevated sex steroids are highly suspicious for ACC and urgent diagnostic evaluation is required (287-289).”
Background
Adrenal involvement in MEN1. Analysis of 715 cases from the Groupe d'etude des Tumeurs Endocrines database
Gatta-Cherifi, B., Chabre, O., Murat, A., Niccoli, P., Cardot-Bauters, C., Rohmer, V, Young, J., Delemer, B., Du Boullay, H., Verger, M. F., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0679 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Sunitinib in refractory adrenocortical carcinoma: a phase II, single-arm, open-label trial
Kroiss, M., Quinkler, M., Johanssen, S., van Erp, N. P., Lankheet, N., Pöllinger, A., Laubner, K., Strasburger, C. J., Hahner, S., Müller, H.-H., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1419 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Mitotane therapy in adrenocortical cancer induces CYP3A4 and inhibits 5α-reductase, explaining the need for personalized glucocorticoid and androgen replacement
Chortis, V., Taylor, A. E., Schneider, P., Tomlinson, J. W., Hughes, B. A., O'Neil, D. M., Libé, R., Allolio, B., Bertagna, X., Bertherat, J., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2851 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of surgery in the management of recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma
Erdogan, I., Deutschbein, T., Jurowich, C., Kroiss, M., Ronchi, C., Quinkler, M., Waldmann, J., Willenberg, H. S., Beuschlein, F., Fottner, C., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2559 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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Drug interactions with mitotane by induction of CYP3A4 metabolism in the clinical management of adrenocortical carcinoma: CYP3A4 induction by mitotane
Kroiss, M., Quinkler, M., Lutz, W. K., Allolio, B., & Fassnacht, M. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04214.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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Mitotane levels predict the outcome of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma treated adjuvantly following radical resection
Terzolo, M., Baudin, A. E., Ardito, A., Kroiss, M., Leboulleux, S., Daffara, F., Perotti, P., Feelders, R. A., deVries, J. H., Zaggia, B., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0242 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
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Authors: Fassnacht, M., Libé, R., Kroiss, M., & Allolio, B.
Affiliations: University of Würzburg (DE)
Hôpital Cochin (FR)
Corresponding author: Fassnacht, Martin
ORCID: Fassnacht, Martin
Libé, Rossella
Kroiss, Matthias
Venue: Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-03-08
Volume: 7
Issue: 6
Pages: 323-335
ISSN: 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
1759-5037
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.235
OpenAlex: W2068845486
Cited by: 396
References: 147
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 7.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Krebshilfe
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: adrenocortical carcinoma, pathogenesis, insulin-like growth factor II, β-catenin activation, Cushing's syndrome, masculinization, incidental diagnosis, Weiss score, Ki-67 proliferation index, mitotane, adjuvant therapy, metastatic disease, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, recurrence, prognosis
MeSH terms: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms, Algorithms, Education, Medical, Continuing, Endocrinology, Humans, Models, Biological, Oncogenes, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Clinical Laboratory Techniques

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Adrenocortical carcinoma: a clinician’s update

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